Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Cohort by Depression Status at Study Enrollment
| Characteristic | Overall | No depression | Minor depression | Major depression | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 3762 | N = 2995 | N = 319 | N = 448 | ||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 64.2 (12.6) | 64.8 (12.3) | 64.6 (13.3) | 60.0 (13.1) | <0.001 |
| Women, N (%) | 1800 (47.9) | 1384 (46.2) | 153 (48.0) | 263 (58.7) | <0.001 |
| Non-white, N (%) | 737 (19.6) | 564 (18.8) | 82 (25.7) | 91 (20.3) | 0.01 |
| Some college or more, N (%) | 2833 (75.3) | 2293 (76.6) | 217 (68.0) | 323 (72.1) | <0.001 |
| Single marital status, N (%) | 1261 (33.5) | 953 (31.8) | 112 (35.1) | 196 (43.8) | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes, mean (SD), years | 8.8 (8.4) | 8.7 (8.4) | 10.2 (9.1) | 8.9 (7.4) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes treatment, N (%) | |||||
| None or diet | 988 (26.3) | 832 (27.8) | 73 (22.9) | 83 (18.5) | <0.001 |
| Oral hypoglycemic | 1742 (46.3) | 1416 (47.3) | 145 (45.5) | 181 (40.4) | |
| Any insulin | 1032 (27.4) | 747 (24.9) | 101 (31.7) | 184 (41.1) | |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 2411 (64.1) | 1902 (63.5) | 219 (68.7) | 290 (64.7) | 0.18 |
| Cardiovascular disease, N (%) | 910 (24.2) | 686 (22.9) | 94 (29.5) | 130 (29.0) | 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, N (%) | 256 (6.8) | 188 (6.3) | 28 (8.8) | 40 (8.9) | 0.04 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, N (%) | 96 (2.6) | 78 (2.6) | 10 (3.1) | 8 (1.8) | 0.32 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 31.8 (7.2) | 31.2 (6.8) | 32.2 (7.0) | 35.2 (9.3) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, N (%) | 313 (8.3) | 215 (7.2) | 34 (10.7) | 64 (14.3) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity ≤1 day/week, N (%) | 1236 (32.9) | 877 (29.3) | 144 (45.1) | 215 (48.0) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c at enrollment, mean (SD), % | 7.8 (1.6) | 7.7 (1.5) | 7.9 (1.6) | 8.1 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| SBP at enrollment, mmHg | 136.0 (20.2) | 136.1 (19.7) | 136.8 (22.9) | 134.3 (20.9) | 0.20 |
| LDL cholesterol at enrollment, mean (SD), mg/dl | 111.5 (34.7) | 111.6 (34.5) | 108.5 (32.3) | 112.8 (37.0) | 0.33 |
*p-value for test of differences between depression groups
Cardiovascular disease = myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization before study enrollment
Cerebrovascular disease = stroke or carotid endarterectomy before study enrollment
Peripheral vascular disease = peripheral vascular procedure or amputation before study enrollment