Table 1.
Demographic, Behavioral Characteristics and Prevalence of HIV, HCV, and HBV Infections (N = 309).
| Characteristic | Overall sample N (%) | HIV infection |
HCV infection |
HBV infection |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. pos (%) | p-val* | No. pos (%) | p-val | No. pos (%) | p-val | ||
| Demographics | |||||||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 299 (96.8) | 128 (42.8) | 0.42 | 228 (76.3) | <0.001 | 242 (80.9) | 0.94 |
| Female | 10 (3.2) | 3 (30.0) | 1 (10.0) | 8 (80.0) | |||
| Age in yrs, median (range)** | 27 (18–45) | z = −1.0 | 0.29 | z = −2.2 | 0.028 | z = −4.9 | <0.001 |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Never married | 187 (60.5) | 84 (44.9) | 0.54 | 141 (75.4) | 0.76 | 143 (76.5) | 0.02 |
| Currently married | 89 (28.8) | 34 (38.2) | 65 (73.0) | 81 (91.0) | |||
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 33 (10.7) | 13 (39.4) | 23 (69.7) | 26 (78.8) | |||
| Education attainment, yrs** | |||||||
| Median (range) | 8 (1–16) | z = −0.9 | 0.39 | z = −1.3 | 0.18 | z = 1.4 | 0.15 |
| Employment | |||||||
| Unemployed | 87 (28.2) | 43 (49.4) | 0.12 | 65 (74.7) | 0.88 | 71 (81.6) | 0.84 |
| Employed part-time for full-time | 222 (71.8) | 88 (39.6) | 164 (73.9) | 179 (80.6) | |||
| Hepatitis B vaccination, ≥1 dose | |||||||
| Yes | 34 (11.0) | 9 (26.5) | 0.05 | 21 (61.8) | 0.08 | 24 (70.6) | 0.11 |
| No | 275 (89.0) | 122 (44.4) | 208 (75.6) | 226 (82.2) | |||
| Geographical site | |||||||
| Bac Ninh town | 227 (73.5) | 106 (46.7) | 0.01 | 169 (74.4) | 0.82 | 184 (81.1) | 0.91 |
| Tu Son district | 82 (26.5) | 25 (30.5) | 60 (73.2) | 66 (80.5) | |||
| Drug use behaviors | |||||||
| Age at first drug injection (yrs), median (range)** | 23 (14–44) | z = −3.2 | 0.001 | z = −0.1 | 0.96 | z = −3.2 | 0.01 |
| Length of drug injection (yrs), median (range)** | 3 (1–18) | z = 4.6 | <0.001 | z = −5.2 | <0.001 | z = −3.1 | 0.002 |
| Injected heroin, ever | |||||||
| Yes | 306 (99.0) | 131 (42.8) | 0.14 | 227 (74.2) | 0.77 | 248 (81.0) | 0.53 |
| No | 3 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 2 (66.7) | 2 (66.7) | |||
| Injected heroin mixed with benzodiazepine, ever | |||||||
| Yes | 33 (10.7) | 14 (42.4) | 1.00 | 30 (90.9) | 0.02 | 28 (84.8) | 0.54 |
| No | 276 (89.3) | 117 (42.4) | 199 (72.1) | 222 (80.4) | |||
| Injection behaviors, past 6 months | |||||||
| Frequency of drug injection | |||||||
| 4–7 days a week | 203 (65.7) | 87 (42.9) | 0.88 | 153 (75.4) | 0.30 | 166 (81.8) | 0.14 |
| 1–3 days a week | 87 (28.2) | 37 (42.5) | 60 (69.0) | 66 (75.9) | |||
| Less than once a week | 19 (6.1) | 7 (36.8) | 16 (84.2) | 18 (94.7) | |||
| Pooled resource to buy drugs | |||||||
| Yes | 186 (60.2) | 82 (44.1) | 0.46 | 132 (71.0) | 0.12 | 149 (80.1) | 0.66 |
| No | 123 (39.8) | 49 (39.8) | 97 (78.9) | 101 (82.1) | |||
| Injected drugs with needles previously used by another, past 6 months | |||||||
| Yes | 41 (13.3) | 17 (41.5) | 0.90 | 27 (65.9) | 0.20 | 32 (78.0) | 0.62 |
| No | 268 (86.7) | 114 (42.5) | 202 (75.4) | 218 (81.3) | |||
| Sharing drug solution | |||||||
| Yes | 178 (57.6) | 81 (45.5) | 0.20 | 137 (77.0) | 0.18 | 145 (81.5) | 0.77 |
| No | 131 (42.4) | 50 (38.2) | 92 (70.2) | 105 (80.2) | |||
| Drew drugs from a shared container | |||||||
| Yes | 130 (42.1) | 53 (40.8) | 0.62 | 97 (74.6) | 0.86 | 100 (76.9) | 0.13 |
| No | 179 (57.9) | 78 (43.6) | 132 (73.7) | 150 (83.8) | |||
| Shared water for cleaning works | |||||||
| Yes | 27 (8.7) | 13 (48.1) | 0.53 | 18 (66.7) | 0.36 | 23 (85.2) | 0.55 |
| No | 282 (91.3) | 118 (41.8) | 211 (74.8) | 227 (80.5) | |||
| Shared drug solution through frontloading | |||||||
| Yes | 149 (48.2) | 68 (45.6) | 0.27 | 113 (75.8) | 0.50 | 119 (79.9) | 0.65 |
| No | 160 (51.8) | 63 (39.4) | 116 (72.5) | 131 (81.9) | |||
| Injection behaviors, last drug injection | |||||||
| Drew drugs from a shared container | |||||||
| Yes | 46 (14.9) | 17 (37.0) | 0.42 | 32 (69.6) | 0.45 | 34 (73.9) | 0.19 |
| No | 263 (85.1) | 114 (43.3) | 197 (74.9) | 216 (82.1) | |||
| Sharing filter | |||||||
| Yes | 6 (1.9) | 4 (66.7) | 0.23 | 4 (66.7) | 0.68 | 5 (83.3) | 0.88 |
| No | 303 (98.1) | 127 (41.9) | 225 (74.3) | 245 (80.9) | |||
| Sharing water for cleaning works or mixing drugs | |||||||
| Yes | 14 (4.5) | 11 (78.6) | 0.005 | 12 (85.7) | 0.31 | 13 (92.9) | 0.25 |
| No | 295 (95.5) | 120 (40.7) | 217 (73.6) | 237 (80.3) | |||
| Shared drug solution through frontloading | |||||||
| Yes | 60 (19.4) | 33 (55.0) | 0.028 | 46 (76.7) | 0.62 | 50 (83.3) | 0.60 |
| No | 249 (80.6) | 98 (39.4) | 183 (73.5) | 200 (80.3) | |||
| Sexual behaviors | |||||||
| Ever had sex | |||||||
| Yes | 271 (87.7) | 111 (41.1) | 0.17 | 203 (74.9) | 0.73 | 225 (83.0) | 0.01 |
| No | 38 (12.3) | 20 (52.6) | 26 (68.4) | 25 (65.8) | |||
| No. sex partners, past 12 months, median (range) | |||||||
| Male IDUs** | 1 (0–40) | z = −2.7 | 0.007 | z = 2.4 | 0.018 | z = 0.3 | 0.74 |
| Female IDUs** | 3 (0–50) | z = 0.3 | 0.73 | z = 1.1 | 0.33 | z = 1.7 | 0.09 |
| Last sex with female sex workers (males only) | |||||||
| Yes | 83 (27.8) | 44 (53.0) | 0.027 | 66 (79.5) | 0.41 | 64 (77.1) | 0.29 |
| No, or never had sex | 216 (72.2) | 84 (38.9) | 162 (75.0) | 178 (82.4) | |||
| Laboratory results | |||||||
| HIV infection | |||||||
| Yes | 131 (42.4) | -- | -- | 129 (98.5) | <0.001 | 117 (89.3) | 0.001 |
| No | 178 (57.6) | 100 (56.2) | 133 (74.7) | ||||
| HCV infection | |||||||
| Yes | 229 (74.1) | 129 (56.3) | <0.001 | -- | -- | 196 (85.6) | <0.001 |
| No | 80 (25.9) | 2 (2.5) | 54 (67.5) | ||||
| HBV infection | |||||||
| Yes | 250 (80.9) | 117 (46.8) | 0.001 | 196 (78.4) | <0.001 | -- | -- |
| No | 59 (19.1) | 14 (23.7) | 33 (55.9) | ||||
| Chlamydia trachomatis infection, PCR | |||||||
| Yes | 33 (10.7) | 14 (42.4) | 1.00 | 24 (72.7) | 0.85 | 31 (93.9) | 0.04 |
| No | 276 (89.3) | 117 (42.4) | 205 (74.3) | 219 (79.3) | |||
| HSV-2 infection | |||||||
| Yes | 65 (21.1) | 26 (40.0) | 0.69 | 46 (70.8) | 0.50 | 57 (87.7) | 0.12 |
| No | 243 (78.9) | 104 (42.8) | 182 (74.9) | 192 (79.0) | |||
*
p-value obtained from chi-square test, unless otherwise indicated;
**
Wilcoxon rank sum test; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.