TABLE 3.
Mortality rates and hazard ratios (HRs) of total mortality in relation to use of mineral supplements during the 10 y before baseline, western Washington, 2000–20061
| Subjects (n = 77,673) |
Person-years (n = 387,801)3 |
Deaths (n = 3577) |
No. of deaths/1000 person-years | Sex- and age-adjusted |
Multivariate-adjusted4 |
||||||
| 10-y Average daily supplement use2 | n | Percentage | n | Percentage | n | Percentage | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |
| Iron (mg/d) | |||||||||||
| None | 27,541 | 35 | 137,722 | 36 | 1328 | 37 | 9.64 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.005 | Reference |
| 0.1–4.0 mg/d | 16,404 | 21 | 81,738 | 21 | 774 | 22 | 9.47 | 0.97 | 0.89, 1.06 | 0.985 | 0.89, 1.07 |
| 4.1–18.0 mg/d | 29,502 | 38 | 147,439 | 38 | 1225 | 34 | 8.31 | 0.87 | 0.81, 0.94 | 0.955 | 0.88, 1.03 |
| 18.1–68.0 mg/d6 | 3069 | 4 | 15,230 | 4 | 165 | 5 | 10.83 | 1.27 | 1.08, 1.50 | 1.135 | 0.95, 1.34 |
| Missing | 1157 | 1 | 5672 | 1 | 85 | 2 | 14.98 | — | |||
| P for trend | NA7 | 0.729 | |||||||||
| Magnesium | |||||||||||
| None | 25,758 | 33 | 128,748 | 33 | 1288 | 36 | 10.00 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
| 1.1–50.0 mg/d | 21,096 | 27 | 105,413 | 27 | 898 | 25 | 8.52 | 0.94 | 0.86, 1.02 | 0.96 | 0.87, 1.04 |
| 50.1–100.0 mg/d | 23,493 | 30 | 116,927 | 30 | 1057 | 30 | 9.04 | 0.84 | 0.77, 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.87, 1.03 |
| 100.1–500.0 mg/d6 | 6752 | 9 | 33,920 | 9 | 278 | 8 | 8.20 | 0.82 | 0.72, 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.80, 1.06 |
| Missing | 574 | 1 | 2795 | 1 | 56 | 2 | 20.04 | ||||
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.145 | |||||||||
| Zinc | |||||||||||
| None | 25,558 | 33 | 127,780 | 33 | 1273 | 36 | 9.96 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
| 0.32–7.50 mg/d | 20,271 | 26 | 101,283 | 26 | 873 | 24 | 8.62 | 0.96 | 0.88, 1.04 | 0.98 | 0.90, 1.07 |
| 7.51–15.0 mg/d | 21,171 | 27 | 105,462 | 27 | 961 | 27 | 9.11 | 0.86 | 0.79, 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.88, 1.05 |
| 15.1–130.00 mg/d6 | 10,098 | 13 | 50,490 | 13 | 415 | 12 | 8.22 | 0.76 | 0.68, 0.85 | 0.92 | 0.81, 1.03 |
| Missing | 575 | 1 | 2786 | 1 | 55 | 2 | 19.74 | ||||
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.154 | |||||||||
| Selenium | |||||||||||
| None | 26,822 | 35 | 134,203 | 35 | 1322 | 37 | 9.85 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
| 0.21–10.10 μg/d | 16,797 | 22 | 83,868 | 22 | 768 | 21 | 9.16 | 1.02 | 0.93, 1.11 | 1.00 | 0.91, 1.10 |
| 10.11–20.00 μg/d | 15,235 | 20 | 75,825 | 20 | 700 | 20 | 9.23 | 0.88 | 0.81, 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.86, 1.04 |
| 20.10–400.00 μg/d6 | 18,363 | 24 | 91,685 | 24 | 747 | 21 | 8.15 | 0.78 | 0.71, 0.85 | 0.96 | 0.88, 1.06 |
| Missing | 456 | 1 | 2219 | 1 | 40 | 1 | 18.02 | ||||
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.284 | |||||||||
| Chromium | |||||||||||
| None | 27,455 | 35 | 137,298 | 35 | 1349 | 38 | 9.83 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
| 0.2–34.0 μg/d | 16,730 | 22 | 83,637 | 22 | 747 | 21 | 8.93 | 1.02 | 0.93, 1.11 | 1.01 | 0.92, 1.11 |
| 34.1–130.0 μg/d | 30,486 | 39 | 152,044 | 39 | 1317 | 37 | 8.66 | 0.84 | 0.78, 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.88, 1.03 |
| 130.1–393.0 μg/d6 | 2535 | 3 | 12,556 | 3 | 125 | 3 | 9.96 | 0.91 | 0.76, 1.10 | 1.03 | 0.85, 1.24 |
| Missing | 467 | 1 | 2266 | 1 | 39 | 1 | 17.21 | ||||
| P for trend | NA7 | 0.317 | |||||||||
NA, not applicable.
From single supplements (and mixtures other than multivitamins) plus multivitamins.
Because of rounding, the numbers of person-years across strata of a variable do not always sum to 387,801.
Cox regression analysis adjusted for the following variables: sex, age, education, recency of smoking/dose of smoking, physical activity in the 10 y before baseline, self-rated health, and morbidity score.
Additionally adjusted for self-report at baseline of anemia in the previous year.
Greater than the amount of that nutrient that could be obtained from daily use of one pill of the multivitamin Centrum (Wyeth, Madison, NJ).
NA because the test for nonlinearity in the log-hazard ratio was significant at α = 0.05.