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. 2007 Apr 20;135(7):1057–1068. doi: 10.1017/S0950268807008448

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Causal pie model [92]. This illustration shows a disease that has three sufficient causal complexes, each having five component causes. A is a necessary cause since it appears as a member of each sufficient cause. B, C, and F are not necessary since they fail to appear in all three sufficient causes.