Table 3.

Variance component (VC) analysis of female behavior in the choice chamber. Likelihood-ratio tests were used for significance testing. There were 176 females (44 pairs of genetic sisters and 44 pairs of foster sisters) that had eight trials each, 88 sets of males that had 16 trials each, and eight choice chambers with 176 trials in each. The broad-sense heritability is twice the similarity between full-siblings (this estimate includes possible maternal effects and part of dominance and epistatic interactions). The total female effect is the sum of genetic, foster environment, and additional female identity effects.

	Clarity of choice			Time with males			Number of comparisons			Female activity
	VC	χ2	P	VC	χ2	P	VC	χ2	P	VC	χ2	P
Genetic component	0.05	1.36	0.51	0.06	17.4	<10−3	0.12	19.2	<10−4	0.15	16.8	<10−3
Early rearing environment	0.00	0.00	1.00	0.00	0.0	1.00	0.00	0.00	1.00	0.00	0.0	0.99
Additional female identity effects	0.18	13.5	<10−3	0.43	22.9	<10−5	0.45	20.5	<10−5	0.35	19.5	<10−4
Male pair component	0.00	0.19	0.66	0.00	0.00	1.00	0.02	13.7	<10−3	0.03	25.7	<10−6
Choice chamber component	0.00	0.00	0.98	0.01	16.8	<10−4	0.02	17.4	<10−4	0.03	13.7	<10−3
Residual	0.77			0.50			0.39			0.44
Broad-sense heritability	0.10			0.12			0.24			0.30
Total female effect	0.23			0.50			0.57			0.50