Rapid stretch injury-induced levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in PC12 cells. (A) ROS and (B) NO were measured fluorimetrically at 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours after RSI. Cells (1 × 106/ml) were incubated with 5 μM CM-H2DCFDA or 3 μM DAF-FM in 1 ml DPBS without Ca2+ and Mg2+ at 37 °C for 30 min for ROS or NO measurement, respectively. The level of ROS was calibrated by Fmax, which is the fluorescence with the presence of 300 μM tert-butyl hydroperoxide, and was normalized to the fluorescence of PC12 cells prior to serum starvation as the control. The level of NO was normalized to total cell numbers. Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3, p < 0.0005 for ROS, and p < 0.01 for NO by one-way ANOVA).