Table 1.

Blood and liver test results, age, and body condition scores from healthy reference cows and downer cows with mild, moderate, or severe fatty liver

	Reference healthy fresh cows < 7 DIM, n = 10		Healthy fresh cows GfL 2, n = 70		Downer cows mild fatty liver, n = 4		Downer cows moderate fatty liver, n = 16		Downer cows severe fatty liver, n = 16
Parameter	Mean ± s	Median	Mean ± s	Median	Mean ± s	Median	Mean ± s	Median	Mean ± s	Median
Ca (mmol/L)	2.1 ± 0.04	2.1a	2.1 ± 0.02	2.1a	1.8 ± 0.22	1.8b	1.9 ± 0.13	1.8b	1.9 ± 0.08	1.8b
Mg (mmol/L)	0.9 ± 0.09	0.9a	0.9 ± 0.02	0.9a	0.9 ± 0.06	0.9a	0.9 ± 0.08	0.8a	0.8 ± 0.07	0.7a
K (mmol/L)	5.1 ± 0.27	5.5a	5.2 ± 0.5	5.1a	4.1 ± 0.27	4.5b	4.2 ± 0.19	4.15b	3.6 ± 0.21	3.25c
Na (mmol/L)	147.9 ± 2.76	150a	149 ± 0.8	149a	148.0 ± 2.7	146a	150.8 ± 3.03	151a,b	137.8 ± 3.99	142.5a,c
P (mmol/L)	2.7 ± 0.11	2.6a	2.8 ± 0.05	2.9a	2.0 ± 0.25	1.7b	1.7 ± 0.15	1.7b	1,7 ± 0.15	1.5b
GGT (U/L)	19.4 ± 1.29	20a	17 ± 0.53	17a	19.3 ± 2.09	18a	21.4 ± 2.08	19.5a	24.4 ± 1.40	21.2a
AST (U/L)	46.8 ± 2.65	43a	42.5 ± 1.56	42.5a	83.9 ± 14.3	95b	241.7 ± 49.31	232c	275.4 ± 66.69	248c
ALT (U/L)	34.1 ± 2.22	37a	20 ± 0.76	20a	41.1 ± 8.01	44.5a	74.3 ± 13.02	63.3b	87.2 ± 25.02	67.5b
ALP (U/L)	118.4 ± 14.52	102a	127 ± 0.28	125a	223.8 ± 27.56	203.5b	185.2 ± 16.63	204b	226.9 ± 45.30	195b
SDH (U/L)	18.8 ± 2.12	18.7a	12.5 ± 0.74	12.5a	14.2 ± 10.53	13.35a	23.2 ± 3.70	19.85a	39.6 ± 14.47	18.85a
GDH (U/L)	3.4 ± 0.53	3.5a	3.6 ± 0.52	3.7a	3.9 ± 1.42	4.7a	10.9 ± 2.48	7.85b	8.9 ± 1.14	7.8b
OCT (U/L)	10.6 ± 1.99	11.2a	14.5 ± 0.69	14.7a	11.5 ± 1.3	13a	27.2 ± 3.05	25.8b	47.6 ± 11.11	41.6c
CK (U/L)	43.7 ± 3.40	43a	46.5 ± 1.90	46.5a	171.8 ± 49.4	205b	1196.6 ± 263.7	1380c	2304.3 ± 406.4	2075d
ALB (g/L)	0.04 ± 0.002	0.04a	0.04 ± 0.006	3.4a	0.04 ± 0.005	0.03b	0.03 ± 0.001	0.03b	0.03 ± 0.001	0.03b
BUN (mmol/L)	6.21 ± 0.48	5,71a	6.17 ± 0.26	5.7a	6.0 ± 1.4	8.57a	11.03 ± 2.61	6.43a	17.53 ± 3.02	13.92b
GLU (mmol/L)	4.64 ± 0.25	4.51a	4.38 ± 0.06	4.34a	5.66 ± 0.99	4.52a	4.45 ± 0.41	4.87a	3.89 ± 0.59	3.17a
CHOL (mmol/L)	3.24 ± 0.11	3.7a	3.74 ± 088	3.8a	3.85 ± 1.04	3.99a	1.89 ± 0.15	2.94b	1.77 ± 0.20	2.69b
tBIL (μmol/L)	5.5 ± 0.68	5.2a	7.0 ± 0.34	6.0a	18.8 ± 10.9	10.1a	16.8 ± 2.2	17.1b	24.1 ± 6.5	22.2b
SBA (μmol/L)	43.8 ± 11.29	40.5a	Not available	36.3 ± 12.21	28.4a	30.4 ± 4.76	24.8a	45.9 ± 8.71	35.8a
NEFA (mmol/L)	0.551 ± 0.07	0.54a	Not available	0.543 ± 1.28	0.55a	0.911 ± 0.06	0.89b	1.087 ± 0.09	1.19c
AcAc (mmol/L)	0.055 ± 0.01	0.04a	0.039 ± 0.01	0.033a	0.062 ± 0.01	0.058a	0.089 ± 0.02	0.081b	0.100 ± 0.02	0.1b
β-HB (mmol/L)	0.775 ± 0.02	0.74a	0.690 ± 0.02	0.69a	0.818 ± 0.28	0.725a	0.849 ± 0.10	0.75a	1.041 ± 0.21	0.9b
tLPD (mg/g)	136.2 ± 12.6	137.5a	142 ± 4.19	139.1a	127.8 ± 23.3	129a	228.6 ± 10.1	224b	282.2 ± 14.6	300c
TG (mg/g)	10.53 ± 0.61	10.8a	16.27 ± 0.48	15.9b	15.94 ± 2.18	17.2b	36.53 ± 1.77	37.1c	77.74 ± 7.49	62d
Age (years)	5.4 ± 0.37	4.5a	5.0 ± 0.15	5a	4.4 ± 0.47	5a	5.9 ± 0.39	6b	6.2 ± 0.39	5.5b
BCS	3.2 ± 0.18	3a	3.0 ± 0.05	3a	2.8 ± 0.13	3a	3.1 ± 0.17	3a	2.9 ± 0.19	3a
NEFA/CHOL ratio	0.17	0.15a	Not available	0.24	0.14a	0.53	0.30b	0.73	0.44b

s — standard deviation.

^*Within a row, different superscripts denote significant (P < 0.05) differences among groups.

Triglyceride (TG) and total lipids (tLPD) values are in wet liver tissue.

BUN — blood urea nitrogen, OCT — ornithine carbamoyl transferase, GDH — glutamate dehydrogenase, AST — aspartate aminotranferase, ALT — alanine aminotransferase, ALP — alkaline phosphatase, SDH — sorbitol dehydrogenase, GfL — grades of fatty liver, TG — triglyceride content in hepatic tissue, tLPD — total lipid concentration in hepatic tissue, β-HB — β-hydroxybutyrate, AcAc — acetoacetic acid, GLU — glucose, ALB — albumin, BCS — body condition score, CHOL — cholesterol, Ca — total serum calcium, (P) — inorganic phosphorus, (Mg) — magnesium, NEFA — non-esterified fatty acids, K — potassium, Na — sodium, SBA — serum bile acid, tBIL — total bilirubin, CK — creatine kinase, GGT — γ-glutamyltransferase.