Table 3.
Multivariate relative risks* of coronary heart disease in women according to frequency of nut consumption (1 oz serving) at baseline, stratified by risk factors
| Variable | Frequency of nut consumption
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almost never | 1-3/month to once/week | 2-4 times/week | ⩾5 times/week | P for trend | |
| Hypertension | |||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 0.87 | 0.74 | 0.76 (0.50 to 1.14) | 0.05 |
| No | 1.0 | 0.97 | 0.81 | 0.55 (0.34 to 0.90) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes | |||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 0.81 | 0.77 | 0.53 (0.24 to 1.41) | 0.07 |
| No | 1.0 | 0.95 | 0.77 | 0.68 (0.48 to 0.96) | 0.006 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | |||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 0.84 | 0.62 | 0.61 (0.57 to 1.00) | 0.007 |
| No | 1.0 | 0.96 | 0.87 | 0.68 (0.45 to 1.02) | 0.05 |
| Multivitamin use | |||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 0.96 | 0.86 | 0.52 (0.30 to 0.91) | 0.03 |
| No | 1.0 | 0.89 | 0.71 | 0.72 (0.50 to 1.06) | 0.01 |
| Vitamin E supplement use | |||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 1.05 | 0.88 | 0.52 (0.24 to 1.12) | 0.08 |
| No | 1.0 | 0.89 | 0.75 | 0.68 (0.48 to 0.96) | 0.004 |
| Parental history of myocardial infarction before age 60 | |||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 0.84 | 0.75 | 0.60 (0.31 to 1.15) | 0.07 |
| No | 1.0 | 0.94 | 0.77 | 0.67 (0.47 to 0.96) | 0.007 |
| Current smoking | |||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.75 (0.47 to 1.19) | 0.15 |
| No | 1.0 | 0.93 | 0.69 | 0.58 (0.38 to 0.88) | 0.001 |
| Current alcohol use | |||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 0.96 | 0.71 | 0.71 (0.48 to 1.06) | 0.01 |
| No | 1.0 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.57 (0.34 to 0.95) | 0.03 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||
| <25 | 1.0 | 0.90 | 0.69 | 0.58 (0.38 to 0.89) | 0.002 |
| ⩾25 | 1.0 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 0.75 (0.47 to 1.19) | 0.18 |
| Vigorous exercise ⩾1/week | |||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 0.89 | 0.67 | 0.63 (0.37 to 1.08) | 0.02 |
| No | 1.0 | 0.92 | 0.80 | 0.66 (0.45 to 0.98) | 0.02 |
| Dietary intake | |||||
| Vegetables (servings/day): | |||||
| <2 | 1.0 | 0.93 | 0.69 | 0.71 (0.47 to 1.08) | 0.01 |
| ⩾2 | 1.0 | 0.88 | 0.85 | 0.58 (0.36 to 0.93) | 0.03 |
| Fruit (servings/day): | |||||
| <2 | 1.0 | 0.88 | 0.75 | 0.72 (0.47 to 1.12) | 0.04 |
| ⩾2 | 1.0 | 0.95 | 0.80 | 0.60 (0.38 to 0.94) | 0.01 |
| Fibre (g/day): | |||||
| <10 | 1.0 | 0.73 | 0.60 | 0.77 (0.28 to 2.09) | 0.06 |
| ⩾10 | 1.0 | 0.98 | 0.81 | 0.67 (0.48 to 0.93) | 0.005 |
| Saturated fat**: | |||||
| Low | 1.0 | 1.05 | 0.78 | 0.65 (0.40 to 1.00) | 0.02 |
| High | 1.0 | 0.81 | 0.77 | 0.70 (0.45 to 1.08) | 0.04 |
| Polyunsaturated fat: | |||||
| Low | 1.0 | 0.97 | 0.81 | 0.77 (0.44 to 1.33) | 0.19 |
| High | 1.0 | 0.91 | 0.76 | 0.68 (0.44 to 1.06) | 0.04 |
| Trans fat: | |||||
| Low | 1.0 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.69 (0.47 to 1.02) | 0.08 |
| High | 1.0 | 0.91 | 0.63 | 0.62 (0.35 to 1.08) | 0.006 |
*Adjusting for age (5-year category); time period (7 periods); body mass index (five categories); cigarette smoking (never, past, and current smoking of 1-14, 15-24, and ⩾25 cigarettes per day); history of hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolaemia; menopausal status (premenopausal, postmenopausal without hormone replacement, postmenopausal with past hormone replacement, postmenopausal with current hormone replacement); parental history of myocardial infarction before 60 years of age; use of multivitamins; use of vitamin E supplements; alcohol consumption (four categories); aspirin use (non-user, 1-6/week, ⩾7/week, and dose unknown); vigorous exercise ⩾1/week; and total energy intake. The variable used for stratification was not included in the model.
**Median values were used as cut off point; same for polyunsaturated fat and trans fat.