Figure 1.

The DEP response exhibited by a viable cell under typical experimental conditions is often of the form shown here. The DEP force reverses polarity at two DEP cross-over frequencies, f_xo1 and f_xo2, determined by the various cell parameters listed in this figure. As indicated by (4), determination of f_xo1 and cell diameter, along with the conductivity of the suspending solution, provides a measure of cell membrane capacitance. As yet, direct measurements of f_xo2 have not been reported.