FIG. 1.

Lymphocyte adhesion mechanisms in liver sinusoids. Lymphocytes bind to HSECs in a modified version of the classic adhesion cascade model. Selectins, which are involved in capture in other vascular beds, play a minimal role in the liver, and other molecules including VAP-1 may be involved in this stage. Chemokines presented by the endothelial glycocalyx then trigger integrin-mediated adhesion to ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and transmigration into tissue is driven by multiple poorly understood molecular mechanisms that involve VAP-1, chemokines, and integrins. The HSECs exist in close proximity to stellate cells and hepatocytes.