Table 2.
Prediction of substance misuse and crime at age 19 by level and change in risk and protective factors
| Predictor growth factor | Early adolescent factors predicting age 19 outcomes |
Late adolescent factors predicting age 19 outcomes |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substance misuse |
Crime |
Substance misuse |
Crime |
|||||
| b (SE) | β | b (SE) | β | b (SE) | β | b (SE) | β | |
| Family | ||||||||
| Positive family relationship | ||||||||
| Grade 5 | –0.30* (.09) | –0.19 | –0.30* (.11) | –0.17 | ||||
| Change 5–8 | –1.40* (.34) | –0.27 | –0.79* (.40) | –0.14 | ||||
| Grade 9 | –0.50* (.09) | –0.30 | –0.57* (.11) | –0.31 | ||||
| Change 9–12 | –0.09 (.51) | –0.02 | –1.64* (.70) | –0.23 | ||||
| School | ||||||||
| School bonding | ||||||||
| Grade 5 | –0.39* (.10) | –0.23 | –0.28* (.13) | –0.14 | ||||
| Change 5–8 | –1.28* (.30) | –0.28 | –0.58 (.39) | –0.12 | ||||
| Grade 9 | –0.66* (.12) | –0.37 | –0.46* (.14) | –0.22 | ||||
| Change 9–12 | –1.41* (.66) | –0.22 | –0.33 (.96) | –0.05 | ||||
| Academic achievement | ||||||||
| Grade 5 | 0.03 (.04) | 0.06 | –0.09* (.04) | –0.15 | ||||
| Change 5–8 | –0.60 (.35) | –0.23 | –0.41 (.33) | –0.14 | ||||
| Grade 9 | –0.27* (.06) | –0.40 | –0.23* (.07) | –0.30 | ||||
| Change 9–12 | –0.73* (.30) | –0.25 | –0.60 (.40) | –0.18 | ||||
| Peers | ||||||||
| Negative peers | ||||||||
| Grade 5 | 0.23 (.13) | 0.13 | 0.20 (.16) | 0.10 | ||||
| Change 5–8 | 1.74* (.27) | 0.39 | 1.28* (.33) | 0.26 | ||||
| Grade 9 | 0.54* (.05) | 0.75 | 0.50* (.06) | 0.63 | ||||
| Change 9–12 | 1.75* (.27) | 0.59 | 1.50* (.29) | 0.46 | ||||
b unstandardized coefficient, SE standard error, β standardized coefficient
*
p < .05