Figure 1.

The radiation of carnations. (a) Floral diversity in European Dianthus. Photographs by P. Vargas, except top left C. Herrera and top right O. Fragman Sapir. (b) Maximum credibility tree of Dianthus (including Velezia) showing times of divergence, obtained from the BEAST analysis of dataset A, calibrated using the oldest age of the Caryophyllaceae fossil. The clades highlighted in the tree represent the five subgeneric Dianthus clades retrieved in the phylogenetic analyses. The outgroup is not shown. Branches highlighted in red correspond to the Eurasian radiation. All nodes shown in the tree have Bayesian posterior probabilities above 0.95. A, African distribution; E, Eurasian distribution.