Table 3.
Age at starting smoking: effect on death rates in men aged 35-69. Values are risk ratios (standard errors) comparing non-smokers with smokers
| Urban: age began smoking
|
Rural: age began smoking
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <20 | 20-24 | ⩾25 | <20 | 20-24 | ⩾25 | ||
| Mean No of cigarettes/day | 16.4 | 14.8 | 13.1 | 11.2 | 11.8 | 10.7 | |
| Mean g leaf tobacco/day | 4.8 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 10.0 | 7.3 | 6.2 | |
| Mean age began | 17.0 | 20.8 | 29.3 | 17.3 | 20.9 | 29.3 | |
| (A) Neoplastic: | 1.90 (0.03) | 1.60 (0.02) | 1.53 (0.03) | 1.58 (0.04) | 1.52 (0.03) | 1.42 (0.03) | |
| Lung cancer | 4.11 (0.07) | 2.94 (0.05) | 2.45 (0.05) | 3.07 (0.11) | 2.62 (0.09) | 2.26 (0.09) | |
| Oesophageal cancer | 2.52 (0.09) | 2.05 (0.06) | 1.85 (0.07) | 1.75 (0.07) | 1.63 (0.06) | 1.44 (0.06) | |
| Stomach cancer | 1.48 (0.05) | 1.33 (0.04) | 1.32 (0.04) | 1.41 (0.06) | 1.39 (0.04) | 1.34 (0.05) | |
| Liver cancer | 1.44 (0.04) | 1.37 (0.03) | 1.38 (0.04) | 1.39 (0.06) | 1.44 (0.04) | 1.39 (0.05) | |
| Five minor sites | 1.79 (0.07) | 1.58 (0.05) | 1.50 (0.06) | 1.77 (0.12) | 1.46 (0.09) | 1.31 (0.10) | |
| Other neoplastic | 1.18 (0.04) | 1.15 (0.03) | 1.19 (0.04) | 1.32 (0.07) | 1.30 (0.06) | 1.26 (0.06) | |
| (B) Respiratory: | 1.91 (0.04) | 1.50 (0.03) | 1.29 (0.03) | 1.44 (0.04) | 1.28 (0.03) | 1.20 (0.04) | |
| Chronic obstructive, etc | 2.02 (0.05) | 1.60 (0.04) | 1.34 (0.04) | 1.62 (0.05) | 1.39 (0.04) | 1.31 (0.04) | |
| Respiratory tuberculosis | 1.86 (0.08) | 1.42 (0.06) | 1.22 (0.06) | 1.25 (0.06) | 1.18 (0.05) | 1.12 (0.06) | |
| Other respiratory | 1.40 (0.08) | 1.20 (0.06) | 1.19 (0.07) | 1.06 (0.09) | 1.08 (0.07) | 0.94 (0.08) | |
| (C) Vascular: | 1.19 (0.03) | 1.16 (0.02) | 1.18 (0.02) | 1.15 (0.04) | 1.14 (0.03) | 1.13 (0.03) | |
| Stroke | 1.20 (0.03) | 1.17 (0.02) | 1.18 (0.03) | 1.19 (0.04) | 1.17 (0.04) | 1.17 (0.04) | |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1.32 (0.04) | 1.26 (0.03) | 1.30 (0.04) | 1.28 (0.07) | 1.31 (0.06) | 1.23 (0.07) | |
| Rheumatic heart disease, etc | 0.96 (0.05) | 1.00 (0.04) | 1.03 (0.04) | 0.92 (0.06) | 0.94 (0.05) | 0.90 (0.06) | |
| (A-C) Subtotal | 1.58 (0.03) | 1.38 (0.02) | 1.33 (0.02) | 1.40 (0.03) | 1.32 (0.02) | 1.26 (0.03) | |
| All deaths | 1.43 (0.03) | 1.28 (0.02) | 1.26 (0.02) | 1.27 (0.03) | 1.22 (0.02) | 1.19 (0.03) | |
| No of deaths* | 26 553 | 50 894 | 34 376 | 15 332 | 30 422 | 19 801 | |
*
Excludes 0.6% (696 urban, 425 rural) of smokers for whom age at starting smoking was not known.