Table 3.
Empirical Estimates in Longitudinal Studies: Alcohol.
| Study [ref. no.] | Drinking Onset | Drinking Behaviors | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marketing exposure | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Marketing exposure | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
| Casswell et al. [75] | Liking ofads | 1.60 (0.96, 2.70) | ||
| Collins et al. [77] | ESPN-TV beer ads | 1.08 (0.83, 1.42) | ||
| Collins et al. [77] | TV sports beer ads | 1.19 (1.01, 1.40) | ||
| Collins et al. [77] | Other TV beer ads | 1.13 (0.95, 1.34) | ||
| Collins et al. [77] | Magazine reading | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) | ||
| Collins et al. [77] | Hours radio listening | 1.17 (1.00, 1.37) | ||
| Collins et al. [77] | Beer concessions | 1.01 (0.91, 1.13) | ||
| Collins et al. [77] | In-store beer ads | 1.03 (0.92, 1.14) | ||
| Collins et al. [77] | Beer merchandise | 1.76 (1.23, 2.52) | ||
| Collins et al. [77] | Hours TV viewing | 0.86 (0.73, 1.03) | ||
| Ellickson et al. [79] | TV beer ads | 1.05 (0.64, 1.70) | ||
| Ellickson et al. [79] | Magazines with ads | 1.12 (0.94, 1.30) | ||
| Ellickson et al. [79] | Beer concessions | 1.06 (0.83, 1.40) | ||
| Ellickson et al. [79] | In-store displays | 1.42 (1.10, 1.80) | ||
| Ellickson et al. [79] | Weekly TV viewing | 0.78 (0.69, 0.88) | ||
| Fisher et al. [80] | Boys-alcohol merchandise | 1.78 (1.36, 2.33) | Boys-alcohol merchandise | 0.87 (0.51, 1.48) |
| Fisher et al. [80] | Boys-awareness of ads | 1.27 (0.98, 1.64) | Boys-awareness of ads | 0.98 (0.58, 1.66) |
| Fisher et al. [80] | Girls-alcohol merchandise | 1.74 (1.37, 2.19) | Girls - alcohol merchandise | 1.79 (1.16, 2.77) |
| Fisher et al. [80] | Girls-awareness of ads | 1.04 (0.84, 1.29) | Girls-awareness of ads | 1.16 (0.77, 1.74) |
| Hanewinkel et al. [81] | Parents don’t limit movies | 2.53 (1.55, 4.12) | ||
| Hanewinkel & Sargent [82] | Hours of movie alcohol use | 1.44 (0.96, 2.17) | ||
| Hanewinkel & Sargent [82] | Hours of movie alcohol use | 1.42 (1.16, 1.75) | Hours of movie alcohol use | 1.95 (1.27, 3.00) |
| Hanewinkel & Sargent [82] | Hours TV viewing | 0.99 (0.75, 1.31) | Hours TV viewing | 0.76 (0.48, 1.19) |
| Henriksen et al. [83] | Beer brand recognition | 1.07 (0.93, 1.23) | Beer brand recognition | 1.13 (0.93, 1.38) |
| Henriksen et al. [83] | Beer brand recall | 1.10 (0.97, 1.25) | Beer brand recall | 1.11 (0.94, 1.33) |
| Henriksen et al. [83] | Receptivity: moderate | 1.20 (0.75, 1.90) | Receptivity: moderate | 1.19 (0.62, 2.26) |
| Henriksen et al. [83] | Receptivity: high | 1.68 (1.20, 2.35) | Receptivity: high | 1.62 (1.01, 2.60) |
| McClure et al. [84] | Alcohol merchandise | 1.50 (1.10, 2.00) | ||
| McClure et al. [85] | Alcohol merchandise | 1.41 (0.98, 2.01) | Alcohol merchandise | 1.80 (1.28, 2.54) |
| McClure et al. [85] | Alcohol merchandise | 1.57 (0.99, 2.50) | Alcohol merchandise | 1.44 (0.90, 2.31) |
| Robinson et al. [87] | TV viewing | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | Hours TV viewing | 1.01 (0.93, 1.11) |
| Robinson et al. [87] | Music TV videos | 1.31 (1.17, 1.47) | Music TV videos | 1.05 (0.95, 1.17) |
| Robinson et al. [87] | VCR videos | 0.89 (0.79, 0.99) | VCR videos | 0.97 (0.86, 1.10) |
| Robinson et al. [87] | Computer games | 0.94 (0.84, 1.05) | Computer games | 1.00 (0.89, 1.12) |
| Sargent et al. [88] | Hours of movie alcohol use | 1.15 (1.06, 1.25) | ||
| Stacy et al. [90] | TV ads: beer | 1.44 (1.27, 1.61) | ||
| Stacy et al. [90] | TV sports ads: beer | 1.20 (1.05, 1.37) | ||
| Stacy et al. [90] | Ad exposure: beer | 1.21 (1.04, 1.41) | ||
| Stacy et al. [90] | Brand recall: beer | 1.17 (0.97, 1.38) | ||
| Stacy et al. [90] | TV ads: wine/liquor | 1.34 (1.17, 1.52) | ||
| Stacy et al. [90] | TV sports ads: wine/liquor | 1.00 (0.88, 1.15) | ||
| Stacy et al. [90] | Ad exposure: wine/liquor | 1.18 (0.98, 1.32) | ||
| Stacy et al. [90] | Brand recall: wine/liquor | 1.07 (0.91, 1.26) | ||
| Stacy et al. [90] | TV ads: 3-drink episodes | 1.26 (1.08, 1.48) | ||
| Stacy et al. [90] | TV sports ads: 3-drink episodes | 1.07 (0.91, 1.26) | ||
| Stacy et al. [90] | Ad exposure: 3-drink episodes | 1.06 (0.89, 1.27) | ||
| Stacy et al. [90] | Brand recall: 3-drink episodes | 1.17 (0.91, 1.44) | ||