Table 1.
Summary of reviews/meta-analyses for behavioural outcomes.
| Review/Meta-Analysis | Year | Number of Articles | Percentage | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Activity | ||||
| Conn et al. [34] | 2002 | 43 | N/A | 0.26 |
| Conn et al. [35] | 2008 | 62 | N/A | 0.35 |
| Conn et al. [36] | 2009 | 129 | N/A | 0.45 |
| Eakin et al. [39] | 2005 | 9 (all reviews) | 67% | |
| All 9 reported on short-term PA | 67% | N/A | ||
| All 9 reported on long-term PA | 0% | |||
| Eakin et al. [37] | 2007 | 16 (all studies) | 69% | 0.5 (8 of 16 studies) |
| 15 of 16 reported on short-term PA | 47% | |||
| 6 of 6 reported on long-term PA | 100% | |||
| Foster et al. [38] | 2005 | 29 (all studies) | 31% | |
| 19 (continuous PA) | 37% | 0.28 | ||
| 10 (categorical PA) | 20% | 1.33 (Odds Ratio) | ||
| Janer et al. [40] | 2002 | 15 | 67% | N/A |
| Kavookjian et al. [41] | 2007 | 18 | 78% | N/A |
| Khan et al. [42] | 2002 | 39 | 74% | N/A |
| Kroeze et al. [43] | 2006 | 4 | 25% | N/A |
| Neville et al. [44] | 2009 | 8 | 63% | N/A |
| Norris et al. [45] | 2001 | 6 | 50% | N/A |
| Ogilvie et al. [46] | 2007 | 18 | 89% | N/A |
| Shilts et al. [47] | 2004 | 8 | 75% | N/A |
| Tulloch et al. [48] | 2006 | 20 (all studies) | 75% | |
| 9 of 20 reported on short-term PA | 78% | N/A | ||
| 13 of 20 reported on long-term PA | 69% | |||
| van der Bij et al. [49] | 2002 | 22 (all studies) | 64% | |
| 9 of 22 reported on long-term | 33% | N/A | ||
| Dietary Behaviours | ||||
| Brunner et al. [52] | 2007 | F&V : 18 | F&V : 0.80 | |
| Fiber : 9 | Fiber : 0.75 | |||
| FI : 20 | N/A | FI : 0.65 | ||
| FI : 12 (saturated) | FI : 0.71 (saturated) | |||
| Eakin et al. [37] | 2007 | 6 | 83% | 0.74 (4 of 6 studies) |
| Janer et al. [40] | 2002 | All behaviours: 66% | ||
| V: 7 | V: 86% | |||
| F: 7 | F: 57% | N/A | ||
| FI: 10 | FI: 60% | |||
| Fiber: 5 | Fiber: 60% | |||
| Kroeze et al. [43] | 2006 | All behaviours: 38% | ||
| FI: 5 | FI: 20% | N/A | ||
| F&V: 3 | F&V: 67% | |||
| Norris et al. [45] | 2001 | 11 | 82% | N/A |
| Pignone et al. [53] | 2003 | All behaviours: 91% | ||
| FI : 17 | FI (only 15 studies reported significance): 93% | FI : N/A, but 6 were rated as having a large effect, 5 medium, 6 small | ||
| F&V : 10 | F&V (only 4 of 10 studies reported significance): 75% | F&V: N/A, but 2 were rated as having a large large, 5 medium, 3 small | ||
| Fiber : 7 | Fiber (only 3 studies reported significance): 100% | Fiber: N/A, but 5 were rated as having a medium and 2 a small effect. | ||
| Povey et al. [54] | 2007 | All behaviours: 62% | ||
| FI: 14 | FI: 71% | N/A | ||
| FI: 10 (saturated) | FI: 70% (saturated) | |||
| F&V: 3 | F&V: 100% | |||
| Fiber: 8 | Fiber: 38% | |||
| Rolls et al. [55] | 2004 | F&V: 12 | F&V: 50% | N/A |
| Shilts et al. [47] | 2004 | 4 | 50% | N/A |
| Physical Activity and Diet | ||||
| Blue & Black [58] | 2005 | 6 | 50%a | N/A |
| Eakin et al. [37] | 2007 | 4 | 75%a | .86 (1 study) |
| Kroeze et al. [43] | 2006 | 6 | 17%a | N/A |
| 33%b | ||||
| Neville et al. [44] | 2009 | 6 | 33% | N/A |
| Norris et al. [45] | 2001 | 3 | 33%a | N/A |
| 100%b | ||||
| Sharma [33] | 2007 | 2 | 50%a | N/A |
| 100%b | ||||
Notes: N/A = Not applicable as either an effect size was not calculated or a percentage could not be extracted. PA = physical activity. FI = fat intake. F&V = fruit and vegetable intake. Short-term = < 6 months. Long-term = > 6 months.
a
Changes in both physical activity and dietary behaviour.
b
Changes in either physical activity or dietary behaviour.