Table 4.

Health outcomes in adults associated with phthalate concentrations in biological samples.^a Adapted from Swan (2008). Abbreviations are the same as given in table 3.

system	sex	outcome	phthalate or metabolite (measured in urine unless otherwise noted)	references
reproductive	males	increased sperm DNA damage	MEP, MEHP	Hauser et al. (2007)
		increased sperm DNA damage	MEP	Duty et al. (2003b)
		decreased sperm motility	MBP	Duty et al. (2003a); Hauser et al. (2006)
		decreased sperm concentration	MBP, MBzP	Duty et al. (2003a); Hauser et al. (2006)b
	males	decreased sperm motility	DBP and DEHP in semen samples	Zhang (2006)
	males	decreased free T and increased LH/free T	MBP	Pan et al. (2006)
	males	decreased FSH	MBzP	Duty et al. (2005b)c
	males	decreased motility, reduced LH	MEP	Jonsson et al. (2005)
respiratory, allergy and asthma	males	decreased pulmonary function	MEP, MBP	Hoppin et al. (2004)
metabolic	males	increased waist circumference	MBzP, MEHHP MEOHP, MEP	Stahlhut et al. (2007)
		altered thyroid hormone	MBP, MBzP, MEP
thyroid	males	levels (decreased T3 and T4)	MEHP	Meeker et al. (2007b)

^aAssociations significant at p < 0.05.

^bIn Hauser et al. (2006), p-value for MBzP association was 0.13.

^cIn Duty et al. (2005b), p-value for association between MEHP and testosterone was 0.10.