Table 1.
Name of the group | Representative peptides | Origin | Structure | Mechanism | MW1 | Susceptible strain | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β-glucan synthase inhibitors | Echinocandins Pneumocandins Aculeacins |
Fungi | Cyclic lipopeptides | Inhibition of glucan synthesis | 1000 |
Candida spp. P.carinii Aspergillus spp |
Benz F et al, 1974(47); Fromtling R et al, 1989(50); Iwata K et al, 1982(58) |
Mulundocandins | Threonine is substituted by serine; and lineoyl with 12- methylmyristoyl | Roy K et al, 1987(60); Hawser S et al, 1999(61) | |||||
Cell wall chitin inhibitors | Nikkomycins Polyoxins |
Bacteria | Nucleoside peptide antibiotic | Inhibition of chitin synthesis | Nikkomycin Z 495 |
Candida spp. Coccidiodes immitis Balstomyces dermatides Histoplasma capsulatum |
McCarthy P et al, (66); Hector R et al, 1990(67) |
Aureobasidins | Fungi | cyclic lipophilic depsipeptide with 8 amino acids and an- hydroxyacid | Inhibition of actin and chitin assembly; synthesis of sphingolipids | 1100 |
Candida spp C. neoformans. |
Ikai K et al, 1991(69); Endo M et al, 1997(70); Nagiec M et al, 1997(71) | |
Membrane-targeting inhibitors | Rs-ARF2 | Plants | α-helical 3-stranded β-sheets, 4 disulphide bridges | Target membrane glycosylcerebroside, induces reactive oxygen species, membrane lysis (?) | 5730 | Candida albicans, C. krusei, A. flavus, Fusarim solani. | Schaaper W et al, 2001(76); Thevissen K et al, 2007(73) |
Drosomycin | Insects | α-helical 3-stranded β-sheets, 4 disulphide bridges | Target voltage- gated sodium channel (?), Membrane lysis (?) | 5250 |
F. oxysporum N. crassa S.cerevisiae |
Fehlbaum P et al, 1994(74); Bulet P et al, 2005(276); Yuan Y et al, 2007(277); Cohen L et al, 2009(77) | |
Bacillomycin F Iturin A | Bacteria | Cyclic with lipid-soluble β-amino acid linked to the D/L aa | Lysis by pore formation and leakage of key ions | 1000 |
Aspergillus niger C.albicans F.oxysporum A. flavus F. moniliforme |
Besson F et al, 1984(81) Mhammedi A et al, 1982(82) | |
Histatins | Histatin 1–12 | Primates | α-helical in hydrophobic environment; increase histidine content | Mechanism uncertain (Target mitochondria vs. Trk1 potassium transporter vs lysis of energized membrane) | Histatin1: 4880; Histatin 3: 4060; Histatin: 5: 3040 | Candida spp. Trichosporon pollulans, Cryptococcus neoformans, A. fumigatus, | Pollock J et al, 1984(88); Helmerhorst E et al, 1999(90); Tsai H et al, 1997(91); Baev D et al, 2004(108); Mochon A et al, 2008(105); Troxler R et al, 1990(278) |
-Approximate molecular weight