Table 2.

Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Peptides

Name of the group	Representative peptides	Origin	Structure	Mechanism	MW1	Susceptible strain	References
Cecropins	60 members; Cecropin A	Insects	α-helical Tryptophan in the first or second position; C- amidated end	Membrane lysis	2800–4000	Aspergillus spp. Fusarium moniliforme Fusarium oxysporum	Giacometti A et al, 2001; (121) De Lucca A et al, 1988; (124)
Magainins	Magainin 2	Frogs	α-helical Rich in glycine and serine amino acids	Membrane lysis; DNA damage	2500–3000	C. albicans C. neoformans Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Zasloff M 1987(111); Morton C et al, 2007(114)
Bombinin-like and bombinin H	BLP-1,3 Bombinins H1-7		α-helical Glycine-rich; C- terminal amino acid amidated	Membrane lysis	2300–4000	C. albicans C. guillermondii C. tropicalis	Simmaco M et al, 2009(137)
Dermaseptins	Dermaseptin S1-5		α-helical Lysine-rich	Membrane lysis; Apoptosis induction	2500–3500	A. fugimatus	Mor A et al, 1991(112); Morton C et al, 2007(114)
Cathelicidins (without cysteines)	LL-37; mCRAMP; BMAP-27–28	Humans, cattle, pigs, goats, mice	α-helical	Membrane lysis	3000–4000	C. albicans C. neoformans	Boman H et al, 2003(279); Benincasa M et al, 2006(160)
	Indolicin; Tritrpticin		Extended wedge Rich in tryptophans	Membrane lysis	1900–2000	C. neoformans Candida spp. A. fumigatus
PA26	PA26	Combinatori al Library	Penatratin-like hexapeptide	Unknown	950	Penicillum digitatum, S. cerevisiae	Munoz A et al, 2006(280)
Kaxins	dF21-10K	Synthetic design	Non-amphipathic hydrophobic core N-terminal lysine-rich	Membrane- lysis	1830–2350	Candida spp.	Burrows H et al, 2006 (175)
Thanatin	Thanatin		β-sheet, single disulfide bond forming C- terminal	Membrane lysis	2400	A. fumigatus N. crassa T. mentagrophytes	Fehlbaum P et al, 1996(176); Bulet P et al, 1999(281)
Cathelicidins (with cysteines)	Protegrins1-5	Pigs	β-sheet, 2 disulfide bridges	Membrane lysis	1900–2200	C. albicans	Kokryakov V et al, 1993 (282)
α-Defensins	HNP1-4; HD5-6; NP-1	Mammals	Cyclic: 3, Disulfide bridges C1-6, C2-4, C3-5	Membrane lysis	3000–4000	Candida spp. A. fumigatus C. neoformans	Ganz T et al, 2002 (30); Lehrer RI 2004(283); Levitz S et al, 1986(202)
β-Defensins	HBD1-4 Bovine tracheal antimicrobial peptide	Mammals	Cyclic: Disulfide bridges C1-5, C2-4, C3-6	Membrane lysis	3500–5000	Candida spp A. fumigatus	Diamond G et al, 1991 (224); Joly S et al, 2004(222)
θ-Defensins	rTD1-3	Rhesus monkeys	Circular octadecapeptides, 2 anti-parallel β-sheets and 3 disulfide bonds	Membrane lysis	2100	C. albicans C. neoformans	Tang, YQ et al, 1999 (20); Tran, D et al, 2008(225)
Gallinacins	Gallinacin-1 and 1 α, gallinacin-2 and -6	Chicken	β-sheet, rich in lysine and arginine, 3 disulphide bonds	Membrane lysis combined with effect on DNA replication, RNA and protein synthesis	2000–5000	C. albicans S. cereviseae	Van Dijk A et al, 2007(227)
Macrocycles	Kalata Circulin A,B Cyclopsychotride	Plants	Cyclic knot	Membrane lysis	2800–3400	C. kefyr C. tropicalis	Tam J et al 1999(228),
Syringomycins Pseudomycins	Syringomycin E Syringotoxin B Syringostatin A	Bacteria	Lipodepsinonapeptides	Membrane lysis	2300–3500	Candida spp Aspergillus	Feigin A et al, 1996(229); Sorensen K et al, 1996(231)
Lactoferrin2- dervived peptides	Peptide 2 Lactoferricin	Mammals	Glycosylated protein, two symmetrical lobes (N and C lobes), mixture of α-helix and β-sheet	Membrane lysis	2600–4660	C. albicans Crypt. albidus,, Dekkera bruxellensis, Pichia membranifaciens, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zygosaccharomyce s bisporus	Gonzalez- Chavez S et al, 2009(284) Ueta E et al; 2001;(242) Viejo-Diaz, M. et al, 2005 #4524}(241)
BPI protein2 domain III analogs	XMP.284 XMP. 366 XMP.391		Lipid binding protein; the amino-terminal rich in lysine residues	Membrane lysis	1550	Candida spp C. neoformans A. fumigatus Histoplasma capsulatum	Elsbach, P. et al, 2003(245)

¹MW, approximate molecular weight;

²The molecular weights of lactoferrin and BPI are 55000 and 80000, respectively