Table 3.

A comparison of mixing by vortex with carborundum, needle wounding and sonication on GUSPlus expression.

Treatment*	GUS-positive seedlings
	Total, n*	Mean ± SE†	%
Control (sonication)	28	9.3 ± 1.2c	18.7
VCS	63	21.0 ± 2.1a	42.0
NWS	48	16.0 ± 2.3b	32.0

NWS = needle wounding and sonication; VCS = vortex, carborundum and sonication

*Three replicates of 50 seedlings per replicate were tested in each treatment.

† Means followed by the same letter (a, b, c) were not significantly different at the 5% level as determined by The Tukey multiple comparison test.