Characterization of the through-flow actuator. The lower channel was filled with 100 μM fluorescein, and in (A), the fluorescence in the middle of the channel is shown. At t = 20 s (line 1), the pressure in the actuation channel was increased by 0.4 bar, at t = 40 s (line 2), the pressure was released, and at t = 80 s (line 3), the pressure was increased to 0.2 bar above atmosphere. (B) shows the profile across the channel for different degrees of flattening, with the black, blue, and red curves corresponding to t = 15 s, 40 s, and 105 s in (A). Confocal x-y scans are shown for a cAR1-GFP cell (C) before and (D) during flattening. (E, F) show the corresponding x-z sections. The blue lines in (C, D) show the y-values for the sections (E, F), and the blue lines in (E, F) show the z-value of images (C, D). Scale bar: 10 μm.