Table 1.

A summary of the five GHQ models

Items	GHQ-12	Two factor1		Three factor2			GHQ-83		GHQ-6
		Positive	Negative	Social Dysfunction	Anxiety/Depression	Confidence	Social Dysfunction	Anxiety/Depression
Been able to concentrate	*	*		*
Lost much sleep over worry	*		*		*
Felt that you are playing a useful part	*	*		*
Felt capable of making decisions	*	*		*			*
Felt constantly under strain	*		*		*				*
Felt you couldn't overcome your difficulties	*		*		*			*	*
Been able to enjoy your normal activities	*	*		*			*
Been able to face up to your problems	*	*		*			*		*
Been feeling unhappy and depressed	*		*		*			*	*
Been losing confidence in yourself	*		*			*		*	*
Been thinking of yourself as worthless	*		*			*		*
Been feeling reasonably happy	*	*		*			*		*

¹Andrich & van Schoubroeck (1989)

²Graetz (1991)

³Kalliath et al. (2004)