Figure 1.

Virtual city snapshots. A, Snapshot of virtual city from a sample starting point. B, Sample store stimulus used. C, Subjects' learned store locations within 4 × 3 grid cities from a varying initial starting point within a city for the MSP encoding condition (blue arrows) and from a single initial starting point within the city for the SSP encoding condition (red arrows). D, Layout of city without stores used in the direction-pressing control baseline condition. Both tasks used this control condition. E, Both the SSP and MSP tasks consisted of alternating blocks of encoding (Learn) and retrieval (Recall) interspersed with blocks of control (Ctl).