Table 2.

Disorders in impaired renal water excretion

1. Effective circulating volume depletion

a) Gastrointestinal losses: vomiting, diarrhea

b) Skin losses: cystic fibrosis

c) Renal losses: salt-wasting nephropathy, diuretics, cerebral salt wasting, hypoaldosteronism

d) Edematous states: heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrosis, hypoalbuminemia

e) Decreased peripheral vascular resistance: sepsis, hypothyroidism

2. Thiazide diuretics

3. Renal failure

a) Acute

b) Chronic

4. Non-hypovolemic states of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) excess

a) Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

b) Nausea, emesis, pain, stress

c) Post-operative state

d) Cortisol deficiency

5. Nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (NSIAD)