Table 4.

Risk factors for developing hyponatremic encephalopathy

1) Impaired brain cell volume regulation and decreased cerebral perfusion

a) Elevated AVP levels

b) Female sex steroids

c) Hypoxia

2) Decreased cranial capacity

a) Children <16 years

b) Space-occupying brain lesion

i) Tumor

ii) Hematoma/hemorrhage

c) Hydrocephalus

i) Chiari malformation

ii) Dandy Walker

3) Central nervous system disorders (cytotoxic and vasogenic cerebral edema)

a) Infections

i) Meningitis/encephalitis

b) Encephalopathy

i) Metabolic

(1) Diabetic ketoacidosis

(2) Hyperammonemia

(3) Bilirubin

ii) Hepatic

iii) Ischemic

iv) Toxic

c) Cerebritis

d) Brain injury and neurosurgery

e) Seizure disorders