Table 2.
Average daily intakes of vitamins and minerals (from diet alone) based on 24-hour dietary recall at 8–12 weeks of pregnancy, Leeds, UK, 2003–06 (n = 1257)
| Micronutrient | Mean (SD) | RNI* | Recommended increment to RNI during pregnancy** | Proportion of women with intakes above the pregnancy RNI (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thiamin (mg/day) | 2.4 (7.7) | 0.8 | +0.1 | 85 (83, 87) |
| Riboflavin (mg/day) | 1.7 (0.8) | 1.1 | +0.3 | 58 (55, 61) |
| Niacin (mg/day) | 20 (10) | 13 | – | 75 (72, 77) |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 2.1 (1.0) | 1.2 | – | 85 (82, 86) |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/day) | 3.9 (3.7) | 1.5 | – | 79 (77, 82) |
| Folate (μg/day) | 257 (119) | 200 | +100 | 32 (29, 35) |
| Vitamin C (μg/day) | 143 (129) | 40 | +10 | 75 (73, 78) |
| Vitamin A (μg retinol equivalent/day) | 803 (665) | 600 | +100 | 45 (42, 48) |
| Vitamin D (μg/day) | 2.5 (2.7) | – | 10 | 2 (1, 3) |
| Vitamin E (mg/day) | 7.9 (5.4) | – | **** | – |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 938 (471) | 700 | *** | 65 (62, 68) |
| Phosphorus (mg/day) | 1344 (501) | 550 | *** | 98 (97, 99) |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 283 (112) | 270 | *** | 49 (46, 52) |
| Iron (mg/day) | 11.5 (5.3) | 14.8 | *** | 20 (18, 23) |
| Zinc (mg/day) | 8.6 (4.3) | 7 | *** | 59 (56, 62) |
| Copper (mg/day) | 1.1 (0.6) | 1.2 | *** | 32 (29, 35) |
| Selenium (μg/day) | 58 (37) | 60 | *** | 40 (38, 43) |
| Iodine (μg/day) | 118 (82) | 140 | *** | 28 (24, 29) |