Table 4.

The relationship between maternal multivitamin-mineral supplement use during pregnancy and birth outcomes, Leeds, UK, 2003–06

Daily multivitamin–mineral supplements	Unadjusted difference (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted difference (95% CI)	P value
Birthweight (g)
First trimester	30.0 (−45.7, 105.7)	0.5	*16.9 (−42.3, 75.8)	0.7
Second trimester	38.4 (−53.6, 130.5)	0.4	29.4 (−43.0, 101.5)	0.3
Third trimester	−29.1 (−179.9, 121.6)	0.7	−50.4 (−168.7, 67.9)	0.4
Customised birth centile
First trimester	3.6 (−0.2, 7.5)	0.06	**1.8 (−2.3, 5.9)	0.4
Second trimester	5.1 (0.4, 9.7)	0.04	3.3 (−1.8, 8.3)	0.3
Third trimester	1.2 (−6.5, 8.8)	0.8	−2.3 (−10.3, 5.7)	0.8
Small for gestational age (<10th centile)
First trimester	1.0 (0.6, 1.4)	0.8	1.3 (0.8, 1.9)	0.3
Second trimester	0.9 (0.5, 1.4)	0.6	1.1 (0.7, 1.9)	0.7
Third trimester	0.7 (0.4, 1.3)	0.3	0.9 (0.5, 1.7)	0.8
Preterm birth (<37 weeks)
First trimester	0.9 (0.5, 1.8)	0.8	***1.3 (0.6, 2.7)	0.5
Second trimester	1.0 (0.5, 2.2)	0.9	1.8 (0.8, 4.1)	0.2
Third trimester	1.8 (0.8, 4.4)	0.2	3.4 (1.2, 9.6)	0.02

^*Adjusted for gestational age, baby’s sex, maternal age, height, prepregnancy weight, ethnicity, parity, salivary cotinine levels, self-reported alcohol intake, past history of miscarriage, long-term chronic illness, index of multiple deprivation (IMD) score, educational attainment and maternal vegetarian diet in a multiple linear regression model.

^**Adjusted for salivary cotinine levels, self-reported alcohol intake, past history of miscarriage, long-term chronic illness, IMD score, educational attainment and maternal vegetarian diet in a multiple linear regression model.

^***Adjusted for salivary cotinine levels, self-reported alcohol intake, maternal age, maternal vegetarian diet, ethnicity, baby’s sex, parity, IMD score, educational attainment, past history of miscarriage and long-term chronic illness in an unconditional logistic regression model.