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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 May 22.
Published in final edited form as: J Econ Psychol. 2008 Aug;29(4):597–611. doi: 10.1016/j.joep.2008.01.001
Positive goal framing Negative goal framing
Citizens' tax payments are the most important source of the state's revenue. In 2005, Austria
had total revenues based on taxes, dues and fees of € 58.97 billion. Thereof, € 31.8 billion
were so-called transfer payments. The federation did not use them for fulfilling its own tasks
but redistributed them in many ways in the form of public goods and services to the citizens.

Paying tax is making the state prosperous. If
citizens honestly report to the tax office, the
state is able to use the tax budget for
financing and improving the welfare system
and to provide its citizens with modern health
care. Furthermore, if tax payments are
sufficient, the state can extend infrastructure
such as the road and railway system. The
legal system can also be brought to a high
and modern level and the safety of the state
can be guaranteed. With public money, the
educational system can be of high quality and
offer a broad learning opportunity at schools
and universities. As for arts and culture, a
broad range of events can be subsidised. All
citizens profit from public goods and services
if taxpayers pay tax honestly.
Without paying tax no state can prosper. If
citizens do not report to the tax office
honestly, tax revenue is low and the state is
no longer able to care about social justice and
equal medical treatment for all citizens.
Furthermore, if tax payments are insufficient,
the state has to cut down on infrastructure;
the continuous maintenance of the road and
railway system can no longer be guaranteed.
Extensive economies could impend in the
field of security and the legal system. If
public money is not enough, the educational
system could deteriorate and the standard of
schools and universities could decrease. As
for arts and culture, a shortage of subsidies
strongly curtails the cultural offer. Citizens
profit less from public goods and services if a
major part of the taxpayers evade.