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Effect of local blockade of VMH insulin during insulin-induced hypoglycemia (above) and VMH delivery of insulin during phloridzin-induced hypoglycemia (below) on GIR, peak glucagon, C-peptide, and epinephrine levels. Blockade of VMH insulin action reduced GIRs and amplified glucagon responses during systemic insulin infusion, whereas VMH insulin microinjection during phloridzin infusion increased GIR and suppressed glucagon responses. (All values ± SEM, *P < 0.05.)
