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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Aug 27.
Published in final edited form as: Neuron. 2009 Aug 27;63(4):508–522. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.016

Figure 1. Using two-photon imaging to measure the effects of cortical microstimulation.

Figure 1

(A) Schematic location of imaging sites in cortex, primary visual cortex of mouse, rat (not shown), and cat (area 18).

(B) Two-photon bulk-loaded calcium imaging in vivo. Femtosecond-pulsed laser light is used to measure calcium-induced fluorescence changes in neurons. A single plane is imaged at one time. Lower panel: example image. All cells are loaded with OGB-1 AM (green), and astrocytes are labeled with SR101 (red/yellow).

(C) Relationship between calcium concentration and spiking activity. Top: a simulated train of 5 spikes. Middle: spike rate, computed by smoothing the spike train with a Gaussian kernel. Bottom: expected somatic calcium concentration, computed by convolving an exponential describing calcium influx with the spike train.