Table 1.
Summary of the diverse vector approaches used for the generation of CTLs.
| Vector | Outcome | Ref |
|---|---|---|
| VLP - Recombinant porcine parvovirus encoding LCMV-NP | - Strong CTL responses without a need for adjuvant, the CTL activity persisted in vivo for 8 months | [65] |
| - Complete protection against lethal LCMV infection | ||
| VLP - HIV-p55gag-VLP | - Without adjuvant, long lived CTL responses against multiple HIV-1 p55gag epitopes were detected | [70] |
| VLP - Papaya mosaic VLP (LCMV-GP33) | - Immunized mice develop GP33-specific CTLs, which rapidly expanded post-LCMV challenge and enhanced the protection against LCMV infection in dose-dependent manner | [67] |
| VLP - HBV-VLP (LCMV-GP33) | - TAP-deficient DC and macrophages mediated cross-presentation of GP33 in vivo and in vitro | [69] |
| VLP- VSV encoding HPV-16 E7protein | - anti-E7 CD8+ T-cell response which conferred protection against E7 expressing tumor cells | [74] |
| Microsphere - Co-injected PPV-VLP | - Results in the priming of potent CTL responses in CD4 and CD40-independent manner | [80] |
| - Protective CTL against the OVA-bearing melanoma | ||
| Microsphere - PLGA-MSs | - Vaccination enhanced CTL responses when OVA was coencapsulated with CpG or polyI:C | [84] |
| - Single immunization with coencapsulated MS-OVA-CpG induced efficient CTLs and protected against infection with OVA-expressing vaccinia virus | ||
| - Clonal expansion of primary and secondary antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells | [60] | |
| - Potency demonstrated by protective immune responses to either infection or tumors | ||
| Liposomes -liposome-Ag-nucleic acid complexes (LANAC) | - TLR3 or TLR9 were able to enhance CTL cross-priming independent of CD4+ T-cell help | [56] |
| - Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells were functionally active and persisted for long periods in tissues | ||
| - Effective immunity against B16 tumors and M. tuberculosis | ||
| Archaeosome (M. smithii)- Encoding OVA | - Single injection evoked profound primary CTL response | [85] |
| - Recall response observed >300 days | ||
| - Protective CD8+ T cells induced in TLR2-deficient mice | ||
| - Resisted tumor growth of B16OVA melanoma cells | [92] | |
| - Enhanced CTL responses in the absence of IL-12 and IFN-γ | ||
| - CTL activity was undetectable in perforin-deficient mice | [93] | |
| - Long-term responses in CD4+ T cell deficient mice | ||
| - Potent memory CTL response to OVA lasting for ≥154 days | ||