TABLE 1.
Parent and child characteristics according to maternal prenatal fish consumption among 25 446 children in the Danish National Birth Cohort
| Maternal prenatal fish intake |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Overall | Lowest quintile | Middle quintile | Highest quintile | P1 |
| Maternal | |||||
| Fish intake (g/d) | 26.6 ± 22.72 | 5.4 ± 3.3 | 22.3 ± 2.5 | 58.6 ± 30.2 | — |
| Age (y) | 29.3 ± 4.1 | 28.2 ± 4.1 | 29.4 ± 4.0 | 30.0 ± 4.2 | <0.0001 |
| Socioeconomic status (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| High | 23.3 | 16.6 | 24.3 | 27.7 | |
| Medium | 32.5 | 28.8 | 33.6 | 32.7 | |
| Skilled | 28.0 | 33.8 | 27.1 | 24.3 | |
| Unskilled | 10.1 | 13.9 | 9.3 | 9.2 | |
| Unemployed | 1.2 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | |
| Student | 4.8 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 5.0 | |
| Nulliparous (%) | 47.5 | 52.9 | 46.8 | 43.0 | <0.0001 |
| Unmarried (%) | 0.9 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.0008 |
| Any alcohol use (%) | 58.0 | 50.0 | 61.2 | 60.7 | <0.0001 |
| Postpartum depression (%) | 3.5 | 3.9 | 3.1 | 3.7 | 0.45 |
| Education (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| <9th grade | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | |
| 9th grade | 6.5 | 8.4 | 5.6 | 5.7 | |
| 10th grade | 25.9 | 32.9 | 25.0 | 22.2 | |
| Graduated from 2-y high school3 | 13.7 | 12.9 | 13.5 | 14.5 | |
| Graduated from high school | 53.7 | 45.3 | 55.8 | 57.3 | |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | <0.0001 | ||||
| ≤18.5 (%) | 4.1 | 4.2 | 3.6 | 4.8 | |
| >18.5 to 325 (%) | 68.0 | 62.5 | 69.8 | 70.5 | |
| ≥25 to <30 (%) | 19.7 | 22.0 | 19.7 | 17.6 | |
| ≥30 to <35 (%) | 6.1 | 8.1 | 5.3 | 5.3 | |
| ≥35 to <40 (%) | 1.6 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 1.4 | |
| ≥40 (%) | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| Smoking | <0.0001 | ||||
| Nonsmoker (%) | 76.1 | 72.4 | 77.6 | 77.7 | |
| Occasional smoker (%) | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.1 | 12.7 | |
| <15 cigarettes/d (%) | 9.8 | 12.2 | 8.7 | 9.5 | |
| ≥15 cigarettes/d (%) | 1.7 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 1.1 | |
| Academic school problems for either parent (%) | 30.2 | 33.7 | 29.2 | 29.7 | <0.0001 |
| Paternal | |||||
| Education (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| <9th grade | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 1.9 | |
| 9th grade | 16.4 | 20.4 | 14.3 | 14.4 | |
| 10th grade | 35.8 | 40.5 | 37.0 | 33.2 | |
| Graduated from 2-y high school3 | 5.9 | 5.1 | 6.1 | 6.2 | |
| Graduated from high school | 39.7 | 31.5 | 40.6 | 44.4 | |
| Child | |||||
| Gestation length (wk) | 40.1 ± 1.7 | 40.0 ± 1.7 | 40.1 ± 1.7 | 40.1 ± 1.6 | 0.15 |
| Birth weight z score | 0.24 ± 1.0 | 0.19 ± 1.0 | 0.24 ± 1.0 | 0.26 ± 1.0 | <0.0001 |
| Head circumference at birth (z score) | 0.38 ± 1.6 | 0.36 ± 1.6 | 0.35 ± 1.3 | 0.39 ± 1.8 | 0.46 |
| Female (%) | 49.7 | 49.3 | 49.5 | 50.4 | 0.67 |
| Breastfeeding duration (mo) | 7.9 ± 4.6 | 7.0 ± 4.7 | 8.1 ± 4.5 | 8.6 ± 4.7 | <0.0001 |
| Age at 18-mo interview (mo) | 19.2 ± 0.7 | 19.2 ± 0.7 | 19.2 ± 0.7 | 19.2 ± 0.7 | 0.11 |
| Motor development score at 18 mo | <0.0001 | ||||
| 3 (%) | 2.7 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 2.1 | |
| 4 (%) | 10.6 | 11.6 | 10.9 | 9.0 | |
| 5 (%) | 38.9 | 38.4 | 38.7 | 38.2 | |
| 6 (%) | 37.9 | 36.2 | 38.2 | 39.1 | |
| 7 (%) | 9.0 | 8.9 | 8.4 | 10.3 | |
| 8 (%) | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | |
| Social or cognitive development score at 18 mo | <0.0001 | ||||
| 4 (%) | 4.1 | 5.0 | 3.7 | 3.3 | |
| 5 (%) | 13.4 | 14.8 | 13.6 | 11.6 | |
| 6 (%) | 30.1 | 30.0 | 30.5 | 29.2 | |
| 7 (%) | 30.8 | 30.3 | 30.6 | 32.2 | |
| 8 (%) | 16.6 | 15.3 | 16.5 | 17.7 | |
| 9 (%) | 5.0 | 4.7 | 5.2 | 6.0 | |
| Total development score at 18 mo | <0.0001 | ||||
| 5 (%) | 4.5 | 5.7 | 4.1 | 3.5 | |
| 6 (%) | 12.0 | 12.8 | 12.3 | 10.4 | |
| 7 (%) | 26.2 | 25.7 | 26.9 | 24.6 | |
| 8 (%) | 28.5 | 28.1 | 27.9 | 30.2 | |
| 9 (%) | 19.0 | 18.1 | 18.8 | 19.8 | |
| 10 (%) | 8.0 | 7.6 | 8.2 | 9.2 | |
| 11 (%) | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 2.0 | |
| 12 (%) | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | |
1
P value from chi-square test or ANOVA for trend across all 5 quintiles of fish intake.
2
x̄ ± SD (all such values).
3
Standard duration of high school in Denmark.