TABLE 3.
Associations of maternal prenatal fish intake [by quintile (Q)] and duration of infant breastfeeding with attainment of developmental milestones at ages 6 mo (n = 28 958) and 18 mo (n = 25 446) among children in the Danish National Birth Cohort
| Subjects | Median fish intake | Median breastfeeding duration | Motor development | Social or cognitive development | Total development | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | g/d | mo | ||||
| Maternal fish intake (quintiles) | ||||||
| 6-mo outcomes | ||||||
| Q1 | 5744 (19.8) | 5.9 | — | 1.0 (referent)1 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
| Q2 | 5873 (20.3) | 14.5 | — | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 1.0 (0.93, 1.07) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.05) |
| Q3 | 5913 (20.4) | 22.2 | — | 1.03 (0.97, 1.11) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.15) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.13) |
| Q4 | 5823 (20.1) | 32.2 | — | 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) | 1.18 (0.09, 1.27) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.17) |
| Q5 | 5605 (19.4) | 50.8 | — | 1.17 (1.09, 1.25) | 1.33 (1.23, 1.44) | 1.25 (1.17, 1.34) |
| 18-mo outcomes | ||||||
| Q1 | 5038 (19.8) | 5.9 | — | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
| Q2 | 5143 (20.2) | 14.4 | — | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.08) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.07) |
| Q3 | 5117 (20.1) | 22.2 | — | 1.08 (1.00, 1.16) | 1.11 (1.04, 1.19) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.17) |
| Q4 | 5152 (20.3) | 32.3 | — | 1.11 (1.03, 1.19) | 1.15 (1.07, 1.24) | 1.14 (1.06, 1.22) |
| Q5 | 4996 (19.6) | 50.7 | — | 1.24 (1.15, 1.33) | 1.28 (1.19, 1.37) | 1.29 (1.20, 1.38) |
| Breastfeeding duration (mo) | ||||||
| 6-mo outcomes | ||||||
| ≤ 1 mo | 2829 (9.8) | — | 0 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
| 2–3 mo | 2564 (8.9) | — | 3 | 1.11 (1.00, 1.22) | 1.09 (0.98, 1.21) | 1.12 (1.02, 1.23) |
| 4–6 mo | 4393 (15.2) | — | 5 | 1.09 (1.00, 1.19) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.18) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.21) |
| >6 mo | 19172 (66.2) | — | 10 | 1.10 (1.02, 1.19) | 1.12 (1.03, 1.22) | 1.12 (1.04, 1.20) |
| 18-mo outcomes | ||||||
| ≤1 mo | 2704 (10.6) | — | 0 | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) | 1.0 (referent) |
| 2–3 mo | 2416 (9.5) | — | 3 | 1.15 (1.04, 1.27) | 1.13 (1.02, 1.24) | 1.16 (1.05, 1.28) |
| 4–6 mo | 4696 (18.5) | — | 5 | 1.09 (1.00, 1.20) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.13) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.14) |
| 7–9 mo | 7078 (27.8) | — | 8 | 1.08 (1.00, 1.18) | 1.15 (1.06, 1.25) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.21) |
| ≥10 mo | 8552 (33.6) | — | 12 | 1.26 (1.16, 1.37) | 1.27 (1.17, 1.38) | 1.28 (1.18, 1.38) |
Odds ratios; 95% CIs in parentheses (all such values). Odds ratios from cumulative ordinal logistic regression represent the likelihood of attaining a higher developmental score, and they are adjusted for maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, parity, smoking, alcohol use, postpartum depression, and marital status; maternal and paternal school problems, education, and social class; and child birth weight z score, head circumference at birth z score, gestational age, sex, age at outcome assessment, fish intake (breastfeeding estimates), and breastfeeding (fish intake estimates).