Table 1.
Characteristics of case patients and matched control patients
| Control subjects (n = 1,633) | Case subjects (n = 1,633) | Crude OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| At time of index date: | |||
| Years in GPRD (mean, SD) | 11.2 ± 4.0 | 11.3 ± 3.9 | Matching variable |
| Time living with both diabetes and HF (mean, SD) | 2.9 ± 2.6 | 2.7 ± 2.6 | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) |
| Mean age ± SD | 77.8 ± 7.8 | 78.2 ± 8.0 | Matching variable |
| Male, n (%) | 869 (53.2) | 869 (53.2) | Matching variable |
| Lab/physical exam values at the time HF and diabetes concomitant diagnoses made: | |||
| Systolic BP <120 mmHg | 184 (11.3) | 250 (15.3) | 1.43 (1.16–1.75) |
| BMI ≤25 | 286 (17.5) | 372 (22.8) | reference |
| 25–29.9 | 554 (33.9) | 544 (33.3) | 0.76 (0.63–0.93) |
| ≥30 | 605 (37.1) | 460 (28.2) | 0.56 (0.46–0.69) |
| Hemoglobin ≤120 g/l | 271 (16.6) | 351 (21.5) | 1.75 (1.45–2.12) |
| Serum creatinine, μmol/l | reference | ||
| ≤132 | 1,182 (72.4) | 1,001 (61.3) | |
| 133–221 | 248 (15.2) | 270 (16.5) | 1.30 (1.07–1.58) |
| ≥222 | 26 (1.6) | 48 (2.9) | 2.20 (1.35–3.60) |
| A1C <6 | 226 (13.8) | 247 (15.1) | reference |
| 6–6.9 | 530 (32.5) | 453 (27.7) | 0.74 (0.59–0.92) |
| 7–7.9 | 370 (22.7) | 292 (17.9) | 0.67 (0.52–0.86) |
| ≥8 | 320 (19.6) | 304 (18.6) | 0.84 (0.66–1.08) |
| Comorbidities: | |||
| Hypertension | 929 (56.9) | 857 (52.5) | 0.82 (0.71–0.95) |
| Prior myocardial infarct or coronary revascularization | 497 (30.4) | 625 (38.3) | 1.44 (1.23–1.67) |
| Valvular heart disease | 157 (9.6) | 189 (11.6) | 1.25 (0.99–1.58) |
| Angina | 679 (41.6) | 672 (41.2) | 0.98 (0.85–1.13) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 588 (36.0) | 589 (36.1) | 1.00 (0.87–1.16) |
| Dyslipidemia | 332 (20.3) | 287 (17.6) | 0.80 (0.65–0.97) |
| Chronic obstructive lung disease | 276 (16.9) | 366 (22.4) | 1.44 (1.20–1.72) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 381 (23.3) | 488 (29.9) | 1.43 (1.21–1.67) |
| Current smoker | 185 (11.3) | 202 (12.4) | 1.11 (0.88–1.40) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 260 (15.9) | 245 (15.0) | 0.93 (0.77–1.13) |
| Cancer | 128 (7.8) | 259 (15.9) | 2.21 (1.76–2.78) |
| Dementia | 45 (2.8) | 69 (4.2) | 1.57 (1.07–2.31) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 147 (9.0) | 169 (10.4) | 1.17 (0.93–1.49) |
| Medications within 90 days of index date: | |||
| ACE inhibitor | 994 (60.9) | 778 (47.6) | 0.57 (0.49–0.65) |
| ARB | 214 (13.1) | 116 (7.1) | 0.47 (0.36–0.61) |
| Aspirin | 878 (53.8) | 685 (42.0) | 0.61 (0.53–0.70) |
| Digoxin | 539 (33.0) | 463 (28.4) | 0.80 (0.69–0.93) |
| β-blocker | 442 (27.1) | 313 (19.2) | 0.61 (0.52–0.73) |
| Statin | 760 (46.5) | 571 (35.0) | 0.47 (0.39–0.56) |
| Spironolactone | 194 (11.9) | 263 (16.1) | 1.44 (1.17–1.77) |
Data are frequency (%) unless otherwise indicated. For lab/physical exam values, data was missing on systolic blood pressure (BP) for 43 patients, BMI for 445 patients, hemoglobin for 906 patients, creatinine for 491 patients, and A1C for 523 patients. HF, heart failure.