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Measures of retinal vessel tortuosity, branching angle, and optimality deviation. A comparison of optimal (A) and less optimal (B) arrangement of arteriolar geometry. A: Tortuosity of 0.00, branching angle of 72°, and optimality deviation of 0.16. B: Tortuosity of 47.2 × 10−3, branching angle of 130°, and optimality deviation of 0.61. A high-quality color representation of this image is available online.
