Table 1.
Demographic characteristics and cardiometabolic status of the offspring of mothers with NGT and GD after 15 years of follow-up
| NGT | GD | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 87 | 42 | |
| Baseline characteristics at index pregnancy | |||
| Birth weight (g) | 3,273 (454) | 3,248 (351) | 0.76 |
| At 15 years of age | |||
| Maternal glycemic status at follow-up | |||
| AGT | 18 (20.7%) | 21 (50.0%) | 0.001 |
| DM | 5 (5.7%) | 10 (23.8%) | 0.003 |
| Paternal history of DM | 4 (4.6%) | 1 (2.4%) | 0.54 |
| Mean age | 14.8 (0.8) | 15.0 (0.8) | 0.25 |
| Male:Female | 46:41 (53:47) | 19:23 (47:53) | 0.42 |
| Tanner stage (interquartile range) | 4 (3–4) | 4 (3–4) | 0.45 |
| Body weight (kg) | 55.7 (12.5) | 56.8 (12.0) | 0.65 |
| Average weight gain since 8-year assessment (kg/year) | 3.91 (1.22) | 4.16 (1.32) | 0.30 |
| Average weight gain since birth (kg/year) | 3.55 (0.81) | 3.59 (0.86) | 0.80 |
| Body height (cm) | 163.3 (7.6) | 162.7 (8.6) | 0.68 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 73.3 (10.1) | 73.8 (9.9) | 0.81 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 93.7 (8.2) | 95.1 (7.4) | 0.35 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.78 (0.05) | 0.77 (0.06) | 0.55 |
| Percentage of body fat (%) | 22.5 (7.4) | 24.4 (7.2) | 0.17 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20.8 (3.8) | 21.4 (3.7) | 0.40 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 111 (10) | 113 (10) | 0.46 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 66 (8) | 68 (7) | 0.46 |
| Fasting PG (mmol/l) | 4.7 (0.3) | 4.6 (0.3) | 0.51 |
| Second hour PG (mmol/l) | 5.6 (1.4) | 6.0 (1.5) | 0.16 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.4 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.2) | 0.95 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.0 (0.6) | 2.1 (0.5) | 0.34 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.9 (0.6) | 3.9 (0.6) | 0.84 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 1.0 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.5) | 0.48 |
| Children's glycemic status | |||
| IFG | 1 (1.1%) | 0 | 0.77* |
| IGT | 8 (9.2%) | 4 (9.8%) | 0.77* |
| DM | 0 | 1 (2.4%) | 0.77* |
| HDL-C <1.03 mmol/l | 3 (3.4%) | 2 (4.8%) | 0.72 |
| Triglyceride ≥1.7 mmol/l | 6 (6.9%) | 4 (9.5%) | 0.60 |
| Fasting PG ≥5.6 mmol/l or IGT or DM | 9 (10.3%) | 5 (11.9%) | 0.79 |
| Waist circumference ≥90th percentile† | 29 (33.3%) | 17 (40.5%) | 0.43 |
| BP ≥ 90th percentile† | 8 (9.2) | 4 (9.5) | 0.95 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 3 (3.4%) | 3 (7.1%) | 0.35 |
Data are means ± SD or n (%).
*P value calculated based on the rate of AGT (include IFG, IGT, or DM).
†According to the age- and sex-specific reference range in the Hong Kong Chinese population. PG, plasma glucose.