Table 1.

Main characteristics of the study population

Id	Intoxicant	Serum drug level (μg/ml)	Creatinine (mg/dl)	pH	Lactate (mM)	Monitoring	SAPS II	ICU outcome
1	Metformin	70	6.4	7.21	22	CI;	58	S
2	Metformin	63	12.4	6.95	33	CI;	53	S
3	Metformin	NA	10.8	6.76	21	CI;	61	S
4	Metformin	NA	15.2	7.06	18	CI;	51	S
5	Metformin	NA	9.0	6.63	21	CI;	55	S
6	Metformin	NA	10.3	6.82	21	CI; ScvO2	87	S
7	Metformin	NA	10.8	6.70	24	CI; ScvO2	74	S
8	Metformin	61	1.9	7.27	10	CI;	83	NS
9	Metformin	NA	13.2	6.79	21	CI; ScvO2	63	S
10	Metformin	NA	4.7	7.13	19	CI; ScvO2	66	S
11	Metformin	53	4.5	<6.80	16	CI;	87	NS
12	Metformin	65	8.4	6.76	22	ScvO2	43	S
13	Phenformin	480§	9.5	6.91	13	ScvO2	59	S
14	Metformin	100	5.8	7.26	10	ScvO2	58	S
15	Metformin	63	4.2	6.89	18	ScvO2	53	NS
16	Metformin	NA	13.0	6.93	17	ScvO2	67	S
17	Metformin	19†	9.9	6.62	19	ScvO2	62	S
18	Metformin	NA	6.1	<6.80	24	ScvO2	70	NS
19	Metformin	100	7.6	6.87	16	ScvO2	45	S
20	Metformin	25†	9.3	6.81	15	ScvO2	44	S
21*	Metformin	70	4.8	7.22	11	ScvO2	66	S
22*	Metformin	44	10.0	6.93	14	ScvO2	55	S
23	Metformin	NA	13.8	7.21	6	ScvO2	39	S
24	Metformin	NA	7.1	6.93	17	ScvO2	65	NS

The first available serum drug concentration (^§ phenformin in ng/ml;^† blood sample obtained with ongoing renal replacement therapy), creatinine level, arterial blood pH and plasma lactate level, available data (CI, cardiac index; ScvO₂, central venous oxymetry; , mixed venous oxymetry), severity of the disease (expressed as Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II score) and outcome (S = survivor; NS = non survivor) are reported. Target values in patients on metformin or phenformin are less than 4 μg/ml and less than 140 ng/ml, respectively. ICU, intensive care unit; NA, not available; * patients admitted to the Nephrology Unit.