The study area in Tanzania showing the locations of the 112 and 15 environmental faecal and water sampling sites, respectively: ○, Low-risk boreholes (BL1 to BL3); ●, Medium-risk boreholes (BH1 to BH3); ▼, High-risk borehole (OP1 to OP3); □, Upstream (US1 to US3); ■, Downstream (DS1 to DS 3); + , Human faeces; ◆, Sewage; △, Animal faeces; , Polluted water; ◐ Tap water; DRC, Democratic Republic of Congo.