Table 2.
Risk of Functional Limitations Associated with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
| Symptom | OR† (95% Confidence Interval) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACL Limitations | IADL Limitations | |||
| Presence of Symptoms | Clinically Significant Symptoms* | Presence of Symptoms | Clinically Significant Symptoms* | |
| Neuropsychiatric Inventory symptoms | ||||
| 0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1 or 2 | 1.48 (0.77–2.87) | 2.39 (1.02–5.56) | 1.69 (0.73–3.90) | 3.07 (1.27–7.40) |
| ≥3 | 3.79 (1.82–7.88) | 5.90 (2.39–14.57) | 6.02 (2.80–12.96) | 6.69 (2.84–15.75) |
| Cognitive category | 1.98 (1.55–2.52) | 1.78 (1.38–2.31) | 3.78 (2.52–5.69) | 3.61 (2.41–5.41) |
| Individual symptoms | ||||
| Delusions | 1.69 (0.55–5.16) | 0.44 (0.05–3.65) | 0.98 (0.28–3.45) | 2.10 (0.08–50.43) |
| Hallucinations‡ | 0.91 (0.33–2.47) | 3.88 (0.28–53.39) | 0.57 (0.20–1.66) | — |
| Agitations | 1.76 (0.78–3.96) | 1.78 (0.45–6.98) | 1.81 (1.02–3.21) | 0.67 (0.14–3.20) |
| Depression | 2.46 (0.93–6.55) | 7.07 (2.84–17.59) | 1.53 (0.75–3.09) | 2.60 (1.14–5.90) |
| Apathy | 1.17 (0.62–2.24) | 1.94 (0.89–4.23) | 1.29 (0.52–3.18) | 1.66 (0.66–4.14) |
| Elation‡ | 2.69 (0.11–60.85) | — | — | — |
| Anxiety | 0.76 (0.25–2.23) | 2.28 (0.51–10.06) | 1.41 (0.42–4.72) | 10.41 (2.19–49.41) |
| Disinhibition | 1.38 (0.53–3.57) | 1.79 (0.32–9.93) | 4.05 (2.02–8.11) | 0.67 (0.15–2.83) |
| Irritation | 1.01 (0.40–2.55) | 1.31 (0.33–5.13) | 1.02 (0.49–2.14) | 3.04 (0.60–15.31) |
| Aberrant motor behaviors | 0.41 (0.20–0.84) | 0.40 (0.17–0.94) | 4.32 (0.94–19.71) | 5.47 (1.56–19.08) |
| Cognitive category | 2.25 (1.64–3.09) | 2.30 (1.72–3.08) | 3.66 (2.37–5.64) | 3.46 (2.28–5.26) |
*
Clinically significant symptoms are defined as a frequency score times severity score of ≥4.
†
Odds ratio (OR) derived using an ordered logistic regression model with the three ordinal levels of activity of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) limitations (0, 1–2, ≥3) as the dependent variable. ORs >1.00 indicate greater odds of more-significant limitations.
‡
Unable to estimate because of small sample size.
The model was adjusted for cognitive category (normal cognition; cognitive impairment, without dementia; mild, moderate, or severe dementia), sociodemographic characteristics, and chronic medical conditions.