Table 2.
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) depicting the association between levels of social support and mental and physical health using the top quartile (highest social support) as a reference group
|
Intermediate high social support (n = 8155) |
Intermediate low social support (n = 8500) |
Low social support (n = 7720) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Mental health | ||||||
| Major depressive disorder | 1.32*** | 1.21, 1.43 | 1.57*** | 1.44, 1.70 | 2.32*** | 2.11, 2.54 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 1.44*** | 1.24, 1.68 | 1.94*** | 1.66, 2.26 | 3.13*** | 2.71, 3.62 |
| Panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia) | 1.22a,** | 1.06, 1.41 | 1.39a,*** | 1.20, 1.62 | 2.16*** | 1.86, 2.50 |
| Social phobia | 1.72*** | 1.46, 2.04 | 2.36*** | 2.02, 2.75 | 4.24*** | 3.61, 4.98 |
| Specific phobias | 1.21***a | 1.09, 1.34 | 1.30***a | 1.16, 1.45 | 1.58*** | 1.42, 1.75 |
| Manic disorder | 1.28* | 1.06, 1.54 | 1.69*** | 1.43, 2.02 | 3.09*** | 2.60, 3.66 |
| Schizophrenia or other psychotic illness | 2.03 | 0.97, 4.27 | 2.81*** | 1.52, 5.20 | 10.09*** | 5.66, 17.99 |
| Attempted suicide | 1.29a,* | 1.02, 1.62 | 1.59a,*** | 1.27, 1.98 | 3.28*** | 2.70, 4.00 |
| Conduct disorder | 1.05 | 0.85, 1.28 | 1.09 | 0.89, 1.34 | 1.79*** | 1.45, 2.22 |
| Alcohol abuse/dependence | 1.18a,*** | 1.09, 1.28 | 1.16a,** | 1.07, 1.27 | 1.24a,*** | 1.13, 1.36 |
| Nicotine dependence | 1.20a,*** | 1.10, 1.31 | 1.31a,*** | 1.20, 1.43 | 1.50*** | 1.37, 1.65 |
| Cannabis abuse dependence | 1.17a,* | 1.02, 1.34 | 1.27a,*** | 1.11, 1.45 | 1.47*** | 1.28, 1.68 |
| Sedative abuse/dependence | 1.24 | 0.88, 1.76 | 1.40 | 0.97, 2.02 | 1.81*** | 1.33, 2.46 |
| Tranquilizer abuse/dependence | 1.34 | 0.97, 1.85 | 1.74a,*** | 1.24, 2.44 | 2.32a,*** | 1.66,3.25 |
| Opioid abuse/dependence | 1.19 | 0.89, 1.59 | 1.29 | 0.97, 1.70 | 1.98*** | 1.52, 2.57 |
| Amphetamine abuse/dependence | 1.27 | 0.98, 1.64 | 1.45a,** | 1.11, 1.91 | 1.47a,** | 1.12, 1.92 |
| Hallucinogen abuse/dependence | 1.49a,b,** | 1.13, 1.96 | 1.36a,* | 1.03, 1.81 | 1.88b,*** | 1.44, 2.47 |
| Cocaine abuse dependence | 1.32a,b,** | 1.08, 1.62 | 1.22a,* | 1.00, 1.49 | 1.52b,*** | 1.24, 1.85 |
| Physical health | ||||||
| Good self-perceived current health | 0.90** | 0.83, 0.97 | 0.65*** | 0.60, 0.70 | 0.43*** | 0.39, 0.47 |
| Hardening of arteries | 1.00 | 0.75, 1.33 | 1.22 | 0.92, 1.60 | 1.63*** | 1.24, 2.16 |
| Hypertension | 1.09 | 0.99, 1.19 | 1.15**a | 1.04, 1.26 | 1.18a,*** | 1.08, 1.30 |
| Diabetes | 1.03 | 0.89, 1.19 | 1.17a,* | 1.00, 1.36 | 1.22a,** | 1.05, 1.42 |
| Cirrhosis of the liver | 1.90 | 0.75, 4.82 | 2.10* | 1.00, 4.40 | 2.30 | 0.92, 5.76 |
| Other liver disease | 0.92 | 0.56, 1.50 | 1.04 | 0.68, 1.59 | 1.49 | 0.97, 2.29 |
| Chest pain/angina pectoris | 1.14 | 0.91, 1.43 | 1.16 | 0.96, 1.41 | 1.63*** | 1.33, 1.99 |
| Rapid heart beat/tachycardia | 0.94 | 0.78, 1.13 | 1.10 | 0.91, 1.32 | 1.37*** | 1.15, 1.64 |
| Myocardial infarction | 1.12 | 0.72, 1.74 | 1.70a,** | 1.14, 2.54 | 2.07a,*** | 1.38, 3.12 |
| High cholesterol | 1.01 | 0.91, 1.11 | 1.08 | 0.97, 1.20 | 1.15** | 1.04, 1.28 |
| Other heart disease | 1.19 | 0.95, 1.49 | 1.20 | 0.96, 1.51 | 1.64*** | 1.31, 2.05 |
| Stomach Ulcer | 1.07 | 0.84, 1.36 | 1.48** | 1.16, 1.88 | 2.18*** | 1.71, 2.79 |
| HIV/AIDS/other STDs | 1.36 | 0.90, 2.04 | 1.63a,* | 1.03, 2.56 | 2.34a,*** | 1.59, 3.50 |
| Gastritis | 1.04 | 0.86, 1.26 | 1.18 | 0.98, 1.41 | 1.34** | 1.12, 1.60 |
| Arthritis | 1.07 | 0.97, 1.19 | 1.09 | 0.98, 1.21 | 1.30*** | 1.18, 1.43 |
| Stroke | 0.85 | 0.50, 1.43 | 1.85a,** | 1.21, 2.82 | 2.07a,*** | 1.38, 3.09 |
Analyses control for gender, age, ethnicity and living below the poverty line according to the US Census.
a,b,cOdds ratios with the same alphabetical superscript are statistically equal to each other.
*P < 0.05.
**P < 0.01.
***P < 0.001.