Table 3.
Functional imaging studies of the effects of nicotine or cigarette smoking on the dopamine (DA) system
| Authors | Subjects | Method | Intervention | Results/conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dewey et al (Dewey et al., 1999) | 16 baboons |
11C-raclopride PET (double bolus) |
IV nic (0.3 mg) | ↓DV tracer (indicating ↑ DA concentration) in Nac |
| Dagher et al (Dagher et al., 2001) | 11 smokers; 18 non- smokers |
11C-SCH 23390 PET | ↓BP in smokers (indicating ↓D1 receptor density) in ventral striatum |
|
| Tsukada et al (Tsukada et al., 2002) | 4 Macada mulatto monkeys |
11C-raclopride PET (B/I) | IV nic (B/I) | Slight ↓BP (indicating ↑ DA concentration) in anesthetized, but not conscious monkeys, in dorsal striatum |
| Salokangas et al (Salokangas et al., 2000b) |
9 smokers; 10 non- smokers |
18F-DOPA PET | ↑ uptake (indicating ↑ DA activity) in cd and Put of smokers |
|
| Krause et al (Krause et al., 2002) | 11 smoks w/ADHD; 11 non-smok w/ADHD |
[99mTc]TRODAT SPECT |
↓ DAT (striatal) in smokers |
|
| Staley et al (Staley et al., 2001) | 21 smokers; 21 non- smokers |
[123I]beta-CIT SPECT | No overall binding difference between smokers and non- smokers; ↑ brainstem 5- HT transporters in male smokers |
|
| Marenco et al (Marenco et al., 2004) | 5 rhesus monkeys |
11C-raclopride PET (double bolus & B/I) |
IV nic (0.01 to 0.06 mg/ kg) |
↓ BP (indicating ↑DA concentration) in basal ganglia with nic administration |
| Brody et al (Brody et al., 2004a) | 20 smokers | 11C-raclopride PET (B/I) | Single cigarette versus no smoking |
↓ BP (indicating ↑ DA concentration) in smoking, but not no smoking, condition in L ventral cd and put |
| Barrett et al (Barrett et al., 2004) | 10 smokers |
11C-raclopride PET (double bolus) |
Smoking every 12 minutes versus no smoking |
↓BP correlated with hedonic response to smoking in cd and posterior put |
PET = positron emission tomography; IV = intravenous; nic = nicotine; DV = volume of distribution; DA = dopamine; BP = binding potential; B/I = bolus-plus-infusion; cd = caudate; put = putamen; SPECT = single photon emission computed tomography; DAT = dopamine transporter; ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; beta-CIT = (2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)-tropane); 5-HT = serotonin.