FIG. 9.

H-1PV NS1 induces DNA damages via ROS production. (A) Cells were analyzed for the presence of DNA damages by immunofluorescence using an anti-γ-H2AX antibody at 24 h. NS1-expressing and H-1PV-infected cells display a specific nuclear staining pattern of γ-H2AX foci (see 100× magnification images at the top right corners). Untreated or mock-treated cells were used as a control. (B) Western blot analysis of phosphorylated H2AX levels in NS1-expressing (left) and H-1PV-infected (right) cells. NAC treatment effectively decreased the cellular levels of γ-H2AX. Actin was used as a loading control.