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Spatiotemporal properties of field effects. (A) Cylinders of varying electrotonic length (colors) in a uniform electric field (E). The membrane polarization along the cable depends on the cable's electrotonic length. Adapted from Chan and Nicholson (1986). (B) Extra- (red) and intracellular (black) stimulation of a passive sphere results in a different time course of membrane polarization. Adapted from Cartee and Plonsey (1992).
