Table 2.
Implemented interventions and their effectiveness.
| Intervention | NWE taxonomy characteristics | Outcome measure used | Significance of the outcome measures (p ≤ 0.05) | Differences relative to control group or pre-intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary nursing [23,24] | Teamwork | Social support [23] | + | I-C |
| Communication [23] | - | I-C | ||
| Leadership | Leadership style [24] | NS | I-C | |
| Autonomy | Autonomy [24] | + | I-C | |
| Job autonomy [23] | + | I-C | ||
| Workload | Complexity [24] | NS | I-C | |
| Job demands [23] | + | I-C | ||
| Clarity | Feedback/clarity [24] | NS | I-C | |
| Resident assignment [23] | + | I-C | ||
| Shared governance [25] | Teamwork | Co-worker support [25] | NS | I-C |
| Intrapersonal conflict [25] | - | I-C | ||
| Autonomy | Autonomy [25] | NS | I-C | |
| Clarity | Role ambiguity [25] | NS | I-C | |
| Role conflict [25] | NS | I-C | ||
| Social support training and stress inoculation training [26] | Teamwork | Peer cohesion [26] | + | I-C |
| Leadership | Supervisor support [26] | + | I-C | |
| Short-term participatory intervention [27] | Teamwork | Social support [27] | + | I-C |
| Team style [27] | NS | I-C | ||
| Leadership | Management relations and style [27] | NS | I-C | |
| Consideration for individuals [27] | NS | I-C | ||
| Autonomy | Decision authority [27] | NS | I-C | |
| Autonomy & responsibility [27] | NS | I-C | ||
| Workload | Job demands [27] | + | I-C | |
| Clarity | Guidelines on how to do the job [27] | + | I-C | |
| Professional development opportunities | Time to develop [27] | NS | I-C | |
| Opportunity to develop [27] | + | I-C | ||
| Nursing practice quality circle [28] | Teamwork | Peer cohesion [28] | NS | I-C |
| Leadership | Supervisor support [28] | NS | I-C | |
| Control [28] | NS | I-C | ||
| Autonomy | Autonomy [28] | NS | I-C | |
| Workload | Work pressure [28] | + | I-C | |
| Clarity | Clarity [28] | NS | I-C | |
| Physical comfort | Physical comfort [28] | NS | I-C | |
| Innovation | Innovation [28] | + | I-C | |
| Educational toolbox [29] | Teamwork | Work-climate [29] | NS | I-C |
| Leadership | Leadership [29] | + | I-C | |
| Performance feedback [29] | + | I-C | ||
| Autonomy | Participation [29] | + | I-C | |
| Clarity | Goal clarity [29] | NS | I-C | |
| Professional development opportunities | Skills development [29] | + | I-C | |
| Participation in decision making | Participation [29] | + | I-C | |
| Individualized care and regular systematic clinical supervision [30] | Teamwork | Cooperation [30] | + | P-P |
| Autonomy | Autonomy [30] | + | P-P | |
| Recognition | Recognition [30] | + | P-P | |
| Professional development opportunities | Professional growth [30] | + | P-P | |
| Supervisor positive feedback training [31] | Teamwork | Peer cohesion [31] | NS | I-C |
| Leadership | Supervisor support [31] | NS | I-C | |
| Violence prevention intervention [32,33] | Workplace safety | Registration violent events [32] | - | I-C |
| Awareness of risk situations for violence [32] | + | I-C | ||
| Avoidance of potential dangerous situations [32] | + | I-C | ||
| Dealing with aggressive patients [32] | + | I-C | ||
| Perceived knowledge [33] | + | I-C | ||
| Self-efficacy [33] | + | I-C | ||
| Violence prevention skills [33] | + | I-C | ||
+ intervention led to significant improvement in the outcome measure
- intervention led to significant deterioration of the outcome measure
NS No significant effect was found
I-C Results of the intervention group are compared with the results of the control group
P-P Results of the intervention group on the post measure are compared with the results of the intervention group on the pre measure.