Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics by right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF)
| n (%) or mean (±SD) | RVEF ≥40% (n=733) | RVEF 30–39% (n=531) | RVEF 20–29% (n=473) | RVEF <20% (n=271) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 61 (±12) | 60 (±12) | 61 (±12) | 58 (±13) | 0.010 |
| Female | 184 (25) | 108 (20) | 84 (18) | 38 (14) | <0.0001 |
| African American | 119 (16) | 109 (20) | 112 (24) | 88 (32) | <0.0001 |
| Current smoker | 127 (17) | 91 (17) | 85 (18) | 37 (14) | 0.470 |
| New York Heart Association class III | 687 (94) | 488 (92) | 424 (90) | 229 (84) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 36 (±8) | 37 (±9) | 36 (±8) | 36 (±8) | 0.018 |
| Heart rate, beats per minute | 81 (±13) | 81 (±13) | 82 (±13) | 87 (±14) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 121 (±18) | 116 (±18) | 114 (±18) | 112 (±17) | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 71 (±11) | 71 (±11) | 70 (±11) | 72 (±11) | 0.050 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, % | 26 (±6.6) | 23 (±6.8) | 21 (±6.7) | 17 (±6.1) | <0.0001 |
| Right ventricular ejection fraction, % | 49 (±7.3) | 34 (±3.0) | 25 (±2.9) | 14 (±3.3) | <0.0001 |
| Past medical history | |||||
| Duration of heart failure, months | 47 (±45) | 48 (±46) | 56 (±56) | 50 (±49) | 0.012 |
| Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy | 220 (30) | 148 (28) | 113 (24) | 83 (31) | 0.096 |
| Coronary artery disease | 428 (58) | 310 (58) | 299 (63) | 161 (59) | 0.342 |
| Evidence of prior inferior/posterior myocardial infarction | 110 (15) | 77 (15) | 62 (13) | 41 (15) | 0.807 |
| Coronary artery bypass surgery | 205 (28) | 161 (30) | 164 (35) | 74 (27) | 0.063 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 116 (16) | 81 (15) | 73 (15) | 38 (14) | 0.919 |
| Hypertension | 419 (57) | 313 (59) | 261 (55) | 165 (61) | 0.427 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 246 (34) | 189 (36) | 163 (34) | 103 (38) | 0.597 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 343 (47) | 241 (45) | 176 (37) | 109 (40) | 0.005 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 153 (21) | 145 (27) | 134 (28) | 57 (21) | 0.005 |
| Chronic kidney disease* | 281 (38) | 186 (35) | 189 (40) | 107 (39) | 0.384 |
| Medications | |||||
| Bucindolol | 362 (49) | 276 (52) | 233 (49) | 146 (54) | 0.506 |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers | 705 (96) | 513 (97) | 455 (96) | 258 (95) | 0.809 |
| Digitalis | 668 (91) | 491 (92) | 447 (94) | 458 (95) | 0.056 |
| Diuretics | 668 (91) | 496 (93) | 451 (95) | 262 (97) | 0.003 |
| Vasodilators | 340 (46) | 255 (48) | 200 (42) | 127 (47) | 0.305 |
| Anticoagulants | 400 (55) | 337 (63) | 286 (60) | 163 (60) | 0.012 |
*
Estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 of body surface area