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Fitting curves for contraction force estimation in 0, 1, 2, and 3% PVP solution. (A) The experimentally measured end-to-end length of the stalk (dots) and corresponding stalk length curves from Eq. 6 (black lines). (B) The derived instantaneous contraction velocity of the stalk (dots) and corresponding fitted contraction velocity curves from Eq. 7 (black lines).
