Figure 4.

(A) Distributed electrical response to a 2 ms trapezoidal pulse with E⁰_app = 0.7 kV/cm at t = 0.3 ms (long after the high conductance state is achieved at the PM). EP occurs in a smaller PM region than compared to Figs. 1 and 2 due to the smaller field strength E⁰, but still sufficient to yield significant intracellular electric fields E_int, as shown by the presence of equipotential lines inside the cell. (B) Transients of resulting transmembrane voltages changes, Δψ_ERM(t), at various local sites of the ERM in panel A. Δψ_ERM(t) starts off at the ERM resting potential of 0.09 V and returns to this value postpulse. During the pulse, significant values of Δψ_ERM(t) in duration and magnitude for channel activation are shown.