Double-mutant α-synuclein-mediated microglial activation induces pro/anti-inflammatory molecular cascades. Kinetics of the TNFα (a), IL1β (b), IL6 (c), COX2 (d), NOS2 (e), NOX2 (f), IL10 (g) mRNA expression, and ROS production (h) were evaluated using primary C57BL/6 microglia-enriched cultures following treatment with 10 nM double-mutant α-synuclein (DM SYN) for 0.25, 0.75, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h. Values indicate relative expression normalized to the buffer control (n = 3; * P<0.05)