Figure 4.

Levels of candidate biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) patients. Scatter diagram of concentrations of (A) CXCL10, (B) lipocalin 2, and (C) secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor in the CSF of early (stage 1) and late stage (stage 2) T. b. gambiense HAT patients (n = 90 for each stage). Increased levels of (D) CXCL10, (E) lipocalin 2, and (F) SLPI were also measured in stage 2 T. b. rhodesiense HAT patients (6 in stage 1 and 20 in stage 2) compared with stage 1 and controls. Differences with the early stage patients are significant: *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 (Mann-Whitney U test).