Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the patients.
| %/Mean (SD) | Number estimated (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65 (11) | 338 (100) |
| Men | 64 | 338 (100) |
| Duration of diabetes mellitus (years) | 11 (10) | 254 (75) |
| Current plus past smoking | 57 | 282 (83) |
| Current drinker | 43 | 268 (79) |
| Therapeutic method for diabetes mellitus | 338 (100) | |
| Diet only/OHA/Insulin | 4/51/44 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.4 (4.4) | 333 (99) |
| Obesity# | 36 | 333 (99) |
| Hypertension | 78 | 338 (100) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132 (19) | 338 (100) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76 (12) | 338 (100) |
| Antihypertensive agents | 338 (100) | |
| ACEi | 19 | |
| ARB | 46 | |
| CCB | 48 | |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 73 | 338 (100) |
| Statin | 54 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.2 (1.7) | 316 (94) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.9 (1.1) | 262 (78) |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.9 (1.0) | 297 (88) |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.5 (0.4) | 299 (89) |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 92 (69) | 338 (100) |
| Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 57.5 (21.5) | 338 (100) |
| CKD stage | 338 (100) | |
| Stage 1 | 5 | |
| Stage 2 | 45 | |
| Stage 3 | 39 | |
| Stage 4+5 | 11 | |
| Diabetic retinopathy$ | 45 | 254 (75) |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 84 | 256 (76) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 23 | 336 (99) |
| Coronary heart disease | 21 | 337 (100) |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 4 | 338 (100) |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 321 (95) | |
| Stage I | 47 | |
| Stage II | 25 | |
| Stage III | 17 | |
| Stage IV | 11 | |
| ABI | 1.1 (0.1) | 240 (71) |
| baPWV (cm/s) | 1794 (397) | 239 (71) |
| IMT (mm) | 1.06 (0.27) | 338 (100) |
OHA: oral hypoglycemic agents, ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker, CCB: calcium channel blocker, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, CKD: chronic kidney disease, ABI: ankle-brachial index, and baPWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.
# Obesity includes individuals with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2.
$ Diabetic retinopathy includes simple, pre-proliferative, and proliferative retinopathies.