Table 2.
Clinical characteristics between the diabetic patients with and without IMT thickening.
| %/Mean (SD) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| IMT < 1.1 mm | IMT ≥ 1.1 mm | P | |
| (n = 195) | (n = 143) | ||
| Age (years) | 62 (12) | 69 (9) | < 0.01 |
| Men | 64 | 65 | 0.78 |
| Duration of diabetes mellitus (years) | 9 (8) | 13 (12) | < 0.01 |
| Current plus past smoking | 57 | 58 | 0.99 |
| Current drinker | 42 | 43 | 0.66 |
| Therapeutic method for diabetes mellitus | |||
| Diet only/OHA/Insulin | 5/50/45 | 4/51/45 | 0.75 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.7 (4.7) | 24.1 (3.8) | 0.19 |
| Obesity# | 37 | 34 | 0.53 |
| Hypertension | 73 | 85 | < 0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132 (18) | 133 (21) | 0.40 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76 (12) | 76 (12) | 0.67 |
| Antihypertensive agents | |||
| ACEi | 20 | 19 | 0.89 |
| ARB | 41 | 52 | 0.04 |
| CCB | 43 | 54 | 0.04 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 75 | 71 | 0.38 |
| Statin | 55 | 54 | 0.85 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.2 (1.7) | 7.3 (1.7) | 0.40 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.9 (1.1) | 5.0 (1.1) | 0.29 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.9 (1.0) | 3.0 (0.9) | 0.25 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.3) | 0.31 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 99 (81) | 110 (76) | 0.22 |
| Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 61.0 (21.6) | 52.8 (20.6) | < 0.01 |
| CKD stage | < 0.01 | ||
| Stage 1 | 7 | 2 | |
| Stage 2 | 52 | 36 | |
| Stage 3 | 33 | 48 | |
| Stage 4+5 | 8 | 15 | |
| Diabetic retinopathy$ | 40 | 50 | 0.096 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 84 | 84 | 0.87 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 19 | 28 | 0.04 |
| Coronary heart disease | 17 | 27 | 0.02 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 4 | 5 | 0.55 |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 0.28 | ||
| Stage I | 49 | 46 | |
| Stage II | 25 | 24 | |
| Stage III | 19 | 16 | |
| Stage IV | 7 | 14 | |
| ABI | 1.1 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.1) | 0.27 |
| baPWV (cm/s) | 1736 (403) | 1876 (375) | < 0.01 |
OHA: oral hypoglycemic agents, ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker, CCB: calcium channel blocker, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, CKD: chronic kidney disease, ABI: ankle-brachial index, and baPWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.
# Obesity includes individuals with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2.
$ Diabetic retinopathy includes simple, pre-proliferative, and proliferative retinopathies.